E.S. Chapter 17 Section 1-2
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| weather | the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place
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| climate | based on observations of weather that have been collected over many years
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| nitrogen and oxygen | what two gases make up 99% of the volume of clean, dry air?
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| 0.039% | carbon dioxide is present in only small amounts
(approximately 0.039%), but it is an important component of air
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| water vapor | the source of all clouds and precipitation
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| ozone | a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule
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| nearly half | emissions from transportation vehicles account for _______ ____ of the primary pollutants by weight
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| 1000 millibars | at sea level, the average pressure is slightly more than _____ _________, or slightly more than 1 kilogram per square centimeter
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| troposphere | the lowermost layer of the atmosphere; it is generally characterized by a decrease in temp. with height
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| stratosphere | the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the troposphere, characterized by increasing temps. with height, due to the concentration of ozone
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| mesosphere | the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and characterized by decreasing temps. with height
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| sun | nearly all of the energy that drives the Earth's variable weather and climate comes from the ___
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| rotation | the spinning of Earth about its axis
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| revolution | the movement of Earth in its orbit around the sun
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| 23.5 degrees | Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of it orbit around the sun. instead its tilted ____ _______
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| June 21 or 22 | summer solstice
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| December 21 or 22 | winter solstice
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| September 22 or 23 | autumnal equinox
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| March 21 or 22 | spring equinox
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| heat | the energy transferred from one object because of a difference in their temperatures
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| temperature | a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance
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| conduction | the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity
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| higher; lower | heat flows from the ______ temperature matter to the ______ temperature matter
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| convection | the transfer of heat by mass movement of circulation within a substance
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| sun | the ___ is the ultimate source of energy that causes our weather
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| 300,000 | Electromagnetic waves travel through the vacuum of space at ________ kilometers per second
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| radiation | the transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves
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| reflection | __________ occurs when an electromagnetic wave bounces off an object
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| scattering | __________ produces a larger number of weaker rays that travel in different directions
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| 50% | about ____ of the solar energy that strikes the top of the atmosphere reaches Earth's surface and is absorbed
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