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Earth Science
E.S. Chapter 17 Section 1-2
| weather | the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place |
| climate | based on observations of weather that have been collected over many years |
| nitrogen and oxygen | what two gases make up 99% of the volume of clean, dry air? |
| 0.039% | carbon dioxide is present in only small amounts (approximately 0.039%), but it is an important component of air |
| water vapor | the source of all clouds and precipitation |
| ozone | a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule |
| nearly half | emissions from transportation vehicles account for _______ ____ of the primary pollutants by weight |
| 1000 millibars | at sea level, the average pressure is slightly more than _____ _________, or slightly more than 1 kilogram per square centimeter |
| troposphere | the lowermost layer of the atmosphere; it is generally characterized by a decrease in temp. with height |
| stratosphere | the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the troposphere, characterized by increasing temps. with height, due to the concentration of ozone |
| mesosphere | the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the stratosphere and characterized by decreasing temps. with height |
| sun | nearly all of the energy that drives the Earth's variable weather and climate comes from the ___ |
| rotation | the spinning of Earth about its axis |
| revolution | the movement of Earth in its orbit around the sun |
| 23.5 degrees | Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the plane of it orbit around the sun. instead its tilted ____ _______ |
| June 21 or 22 | summer solstice |
| December 21 or 22 | winter solstice |
| September 22 or 23 | autumnal equinox |
| March 21 or 22 | spring equinox |
| heat | the energy transferred from one object because of a difference in their temperatures |
| temperature | a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance |
| conduction | the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity |
| higher; lower | heat flows from the ______ temperature matter to the ______ temperature matter |
| convection | the transfer of heat by mass movement of circulation within a substance |
| sun | the ___ is the ultimate source of energy that causes our weather |
| 300,000 | Electromagnetic waves travel through the vacuum of space at ________ kilometers per second |
| radiation | the transfer of energy (heat) through space by electromagnetic waves |
| reflection | __________ occurs when an electromagnetic wave bounces off an object |
| scattering | __________ produces a larger number of weaker rays that travel in different directions |
| 50% | about ____ of the solar energy that strikes the top of the atmosphere reaches Earth's surface and is absorbed |
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VickieJ10
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