Audiology SLP314
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| Physical acoustics | Movement or propagation of a disturbance (i.e., vibration) through an elastic medium (e.g., air molecules) without permanent displacement of the molecules.
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| Psychoacoustics | Auditory experience or sensation.
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| Sound wave | A disturbance created in a medium, such as air, by a source of vibration.
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| Waveform | A graphical description of the variation in a sound wave’s amplitude as a function of time.
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| Spectrum | A graphical description of the variation in a sound wave’s amplitude and phase as a function of frequency
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| Decibel | The unit of measure used to describe the level or magnitude of a sound wave.
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| Three prerequisites for a sound wave. | 1. Source of energy.
2. Vibrating object
3. Medium
(Receiver is optional)
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| Brownian motion | A description of the movement of air molecules:
-moving constantly in a random fashion.
-colliding with whatever is in their path.
-elastic.
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| Condensation (compression) | Molecules that are pushed together- area of high pressure.
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| Rarefaction | Molecules that are spread apart- area of low pressure
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| Wavelength | Distance required for one complete cycle of sound.
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| Waveform | Plot of amplitude as a function of time.
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| Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) | The most fundamental form of vibration.
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| Three aspects of vibration. | 1. Amplitude
2. Frequency
3. Phase
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| Amplitude | Intensity or strength perceived as loudness.
Pressure fluctuations measured in decibels.
Range of molecule displacement.
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| Frequency | The number of complete cycles of vibration that occur in one second
- cycles per second
- Hertz (Hz)
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| Human hearing capacity (in Hz) | 20 - 20,000 Hz
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| Speech sound range (in Hz) | 20 - 8,000 Hz
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| Resonant frequency | Frequency at which an object vibrates naturally.
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| Qualities that affect resonant frequency | Mass & stiffness/elasticity.
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| Phase opposition | Two waves 180 deg out of phase so as to cancel each other out.
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| Period (T) | Duration of one full cycle of vibration (measured in sec or ms).
T=1/freq
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| Relationship (formula) of period to frequency | Inverse: T = 1/freq. or freq = 1/T
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| Three graphic representations of acoustic signals | 1. Waveform
2. Amplitude spectrum
3. Phase spectrum
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| Sinusoidal sound | Periodic (repeating) energy at one frequency only.
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| Complex sound | Combination of different tones at different frequencies, amplitude, and phase (periodic or aperiodic)
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| Constructive interference | Two sound waves combining together to yield a sound wave that is greater in amplitude than either wave alone.
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| Negative interference (destructive) | Interaction of two sound waves resulting in amplitude that is less than that of either wave alone.
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| Harmonic tones | Integer multiples of the fundamental frequency.
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| Formants | Frequency regions of enhancement due to vocal tract shape.
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| Fundamental frequency of vowels determines ____________. | Pitch
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| Amplitude relation between vowel overtones or harmonics determines ____________. | Quality
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