Bontrager Chap 1. Procedures1
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| How many bones in the human body? | 206
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| Functions of the skeletal system? | Support & protect soft tissues, -Allows movement. -Production of blood cells. -Store calcium.
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| Muscular system and skeletal system combined may be referred to as what? | The locomotor system.
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| Axial skeleton has __ bones. They are located where? | 80. These bones lie on or near the central axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
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| Appendicular skeleton has ___ bones. They are located where? | 126. upper and lower limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdles.
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| What is a sesamoid bone? | Small, oval shaped bone that is not included as part of the axial or appendicular skeleton. They are embedded in tendons. Patellae are the two largest.
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| Long bones are found only in the ___ ____. | Appendicular skeleton.
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| Compact bone? | Outer shell AKA cortex.
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| The body? | AKA shaft. contains a thick layer of compact bone that is found at the ends of a long bone to help resist stress applied to them.
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| Where is the spongy or cancellous bone found? | Inside the shell of the of the compact bone, especially at the ends of each long bone.
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| ______ is highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow, which is responsible for red blood cell productions. | Cancellous bone.
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| Medullary cavity. | Hollow portion of long bone. Usually contains fatty yellow marrow in adults.
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| Periosteum. | Dense, fibrous membrane that covers bone except at the articulating surfaces.
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| What are articulating surfaces covered by? | Hyaline cartilage/articular cartilage.
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| What is the periosteum? | Membrane covering that is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition.
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| Nutrient foramen? | A hole in the compact bone that a nutrient artery will pass through into the medullary cavity.
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| Where are short bones? | Only 8 carpel bones of each wrist, and 7 tarsal bones of each foot are short bones.
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| What do short bones consist of? | Cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone.
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| What do flat bones consist of? | Two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them. ex) skull cap, sternum, ribs, scapulae.
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| Diploe. | The narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones within the cranium is the dipole.
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| Irregular bones. | Peculiar shaped, such as the vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the pelvis.
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| What is ossification? | The process by which bones form.
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| Where are red blood cells produced? | In the marrow of certain flat and irregular bones as well as the ends of long bones.
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| What are the two types of bone formation? | Intramembranous and endochondral.
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| Intramembranous ossification? | Occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection, such as sutures.
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| Endochondral ossification? | Cartilage. Much slower than intramembranous, it occurs in most parts of the skeleton but mostly in the long bones.
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| Diaphysis. | is the first center or primary center, in Endochondral ossification. Becomes the body in a fully developed bone. Appear before birth.
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| Secondary centers of ossification appear where? | Near the ends of long bones, mostly after birth.
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| Epiphysis? | Each secondary center of ossification is called an epiphysis.
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| Epiphyseal plates? | Cartilaginous plates found between the metaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete. Secondary center.
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| What is the metaphysis? | The wider portion of a long bone that is adjacent to the epiphyseal plate. This is the area where bone growth in length occurs. Secondary center.
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| What is bone remodeling? | A normal process where bone tissue is removed and new bone is made.
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| What is an osteoblast? | Cell that builds bone
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| What is an osteocyte? | Mature cell. Starts the remodeling process
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| What is an osteoclast? | Cell that breaks down bone.
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| Synarthrosis | Immovable
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| Amphiarthrosis | limited movement
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| Diarthrosis | Freely moveable
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| What are the three types of structural classifications of joints based off the tissue that separate the bones? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial.
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| Syndesmoses | Fibrous joints. Amphiarthrodial.
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| Sutures | Fibrous joints. Synarthrodial.
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| Gomphoses. | Fibrous. Amphiarthrodial. (roots of teeth)
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| Cartilaginous joints | Held together by cartilage. Allow little to no movement.
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| Symphyses | Cartilaginous. Amphiarthrodial. Flattened disk of fibrocartilage between bones. ex) intervertebral disks
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| Synchondroses | Cartilaginous. Synarthrodial. Temporary form of joint where the hyaline cartilage in converted to bone in adulthood.
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| Synovial joints | Freely moveable/diarthrodial. Characterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid. Permit 7 types of movement.
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| Plane (gliding) joints | Synovial. Sliding or gliding. ex) intermetacarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal joints, C1 C2 vertebrae
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| Ginglymi (hinge) | Synovial. Flexion and extension. ex)interphalangeal joints of fingers, toes, and elbow joints
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| Trochoid (pivot) | Synovial. Rotational. ex) proximal and distal radioulnar
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| Ellipsoid (condylar) | Synovial. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction. ex) metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints
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| Sellar (saddle) | Synovial. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction. Same as Ellipsoid but bones are concave&convex to fit together. ex) first carpometacarpel joint (thumb), ankle.
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| Spheroidal (ball and socket) | Synovial. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation. Hip and shoulder joints.
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| Bicondylar | Synovial. Primarily only one direction movement with some limited rotation. Ex) knee and temporomandibular joints
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