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Bones/joints
Bontrager Chap 1. Procedures1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many bones in the human body? | 206 |
| Functions of the skeletal system? | Support & protect soft tissues, -Allows movement. -Production of blood cells. -Store calcium. |
| Muscular system and skeletal system combined may be referred to as what? | The locomotor system. |
| Axial skeleton has __ bones. They are located where? | 80. These bones lie on or near the central axis of the body; skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. |
| Appendicular skeleton has ___ bones. They are located where? | 126. upper and lower limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdles. |
| What is a sesamoid bone? | Small, oval shaped bone that is not included as part of the axial or appendicular skeleton. They are embedded in tendons. Patellae are the two largest. |
| Long bones are found only in the ___ ____. | Appendicular skeleton. |
| Compact bone? | Outer shell AKA cortex. |
| The body? | AKA shaft. contains a thick layer of compact bone that is found at the ends of a long bone to help resist stress applied to them. |
| Where is the spongy or cancellous bone found? | Inside the shell of the of the compact bone, especially at the ends of each long bone. |
| ______ is highly porous and usually contains red bone marrow, which is responsible for red blood cell productions. | Cancellous bone. |
| Medullary cavity. | Hollow portion of long bone. Usually contains fatty yellow marrow in adults. |
| Periosteum. | Dense, fibrous membrane that covers bone except at the articulating surfaces. |
| What are articulating surfaces covered by? | Hyaline cartilage/articular cartilage. |
| What is the periosteum? | Membrane covering that is essential for bone growth, repair, and nutrition. |
| Nutrient foramen? | A hole in the compact bone that a nutrient artery will pass through into the medullary cavity. |
| Where are short bones? | Only 8 carpel bones of each wrist, and 7 tarsal bones of each foot are short bones. |
| What do short bones consist of? | Cancellous tissue with a thin outer covering of compact bone. |
| What do flat bones consist of? | Two plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between them. ex) skull cap, sternum, ribs, scapulae. |
| Diploe. | The narrow space between the inner and outer table of flat bones within the cranium is the dipole. |
| Irregular bones. | Peculiar shaped, such as the vertebrae, facial bones, bones of the pelvis. |
| What is ossification? | The process by which bones form. |
| Where are red blood cells produced? | In the marrow of certain flat and irregular bones as well as the ends of long bones. |
| What are the two types of bone formation? | Intramembranous and endochondral. |
| Intramembranous ossification? | Occurs rapidly and takes place in bones that are needed for protection, such as sutures. |
| Endochondral ossification? | Cartilage. Much slower than intramembranous, it occurs in most parts of the skeleton but mostly in the long bones. |
| Diaphysis. | is the first center or primary center, in Endochondral ossification. Becomes the body in a fully developed bone. Appear before birth. |
| Secondary centers of ossification appear where? | Near the ends of long bones, mostly after birth. |
| Epiphysis? | Each secondary center of ossification is called an epiphysis. |
| Epiphyseal plates? | Cartilaginous plates found between the metaphysis and each epiphysis until skeletal growth is complete. Secondary center. |
| What is the metaphysis? | The wider portion of a long bone that is adjacent to the epiphyseal plate. This is the area where bone growth in length occurs. Secondary center. |
| What is bone remodeling? | A normal process where bone tissue is removed and new bone is made. |
| What is an osteoblast? | Cell that builds bone |
| What is an osteocyte? | Mature cell. Starts the remodeling process |
| What is an osteoclast? | Cell that breaks down bone. |
| Synarthrosis | Immovable |
| Amphiarthrosis | limited movement |
| Diarthrosis | Freely moveable |
| What are the three types of structural classifications of joints based off the tissue that separate the bones? | Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial. |
| Syndesmoses | Fibrous joints. Amphiarthrodial. |
| Sutures | Fibrous joints. Synarthrodial. |
| Gomphoses. | Fibrous. Amphiarthrodial. (roots of teeth) |
| Cartilaginous joints | Held together by cartilage. Allow little to no movement. |
| Symphyses | Cartilaginous. Amphiarthrodial. Flattened disk of fibrocartilage between bones. ex) intervertebral disks |
| Synchondroses | Cartilaginous. Synarthrodial. Temporary form of joint where the hyaline cartilage in converted to bone in adulthood. |
| Synovial joints | Freely moveable/diarthrodial. Characterized by a fibrous capsule that contains synovial fluid. Permit 7 types of movement. |
| Plane (gliding) joints | Synovial. Sliding or gliding. ex) intermetacarpal, intercarpal, and carpometacarpal joints, C1 C2 vertebrae |
| Ginglymi (hinge) | Synovial. Flexion and extension. ex)interphalangeal joints of fingers, toes, and elbow joints |
| Trochoid (pivot) | Synovial. Rotational. ex) proximal and distal radioulnar |
| Ellipsoid (condylar) | Synovial. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction. ex) metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints |
| Sellar (saddle) | Synovial. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction. Same as Ellipsoid but bones are concave&convex to fit together. ex) first carpometacarpel joint (thumb), ankle. |
| Spheroidal (ball and socket) | Synovial. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation. Hip and shoulder joints. |
| Bicondylar | Synovial. Primarily only one direction movement with some limited rotation. Ex) knee and temporomandibular joints |
Created by:
Zoest35
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