SLS Bio 12 Digestion MM
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| Absorption | Absorbing or assimilating substances into cells
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| Anaerobic bacteria | Bacteria capable of surviving in the absence of oxygen
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| Anus | The opening at the end of the digestive tract where waste exits the body
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| Bile | Secreted in liver, stored in gall bladder, discharged in duodenum to aid in digestion and emulsifying fats
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| Capillary | Minute vessels connecting the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes.
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| Cardiac Sphincter | valve between esophagus and stomach
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| Chemical Digestion | process in which chemicals in the body separate large food molecules into smaller ones so they can pass through the wall of the intestine.
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| Digestive Enzyme | enzyme capable of breaking down food into smaller particles/ molecules which are more suitable for absorption
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| Digestive Tract | digestive structures and system from mouth down the throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and finally to the anus.
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| Duodenum | First part of the small intestine
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| Emulsification | break down of fat droplets into smaller more easily digested droplets
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| Epiglottis | Thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea whilst swallowing.
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| Esophagus | a muscular tube in which food passes through enroute to the stomach between the pharynx and the stomach
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| Gall bladder | digestive organ which stores bile (produced in the liver) used in the digestion and absorption of fats in the duodenum.
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| Gastric Juice | acidic digestive fluid secreted by glands lining the stomach, primarily for digestion of food.
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| Hydrochloric acid | Solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water - activates pepsin from its inactive from of pepsinogen
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| Insulin | peptide hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate carbohydrates in the blood ( blood glucose levels)
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| Intestinal Juice | secretions from glands lining the intestinal walls, neutralizes hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach; released gastrointestinal hormones into the bloodstream; contains digestive enzymes that facilitate the digestion and absorption of food.
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| Lacteals | the tiny vessels in the villi located in the wall of the small intestine. Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed and released through the lacteal into the lymphatic system.
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| Large Intestine (colon) | responsible for forming, storing and expelling waste matter.
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| Lipase | water-soluable enzyme released from pancreas into small intestine- catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids, breaking down fats into glycerol and fatty acids.
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| Liver | large glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein, carbs, and fats.
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| Maltase | breaks down maltose into glucose
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| Microvillus | minute hairlike structures projecting from the exposed surface of the cell to increase the surface area allowing for greater absorption and secretion.
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| Nuclease | hydrolyzes nucleic acids into nucleotides
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| Pancreas | secretes insulin, aid in the digestion of fats and proteins in the small intestine by secreting specific enzymes
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| Pancreatic amylase | enzyme in the pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch.
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| Pancreatic juice | fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas; important or breaking down starches, proteins and fats
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| Pepsin | digest dietary proteins into simpler, shorter chains of amino acids with hydrochloric acid
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| Pepsinogen | the inactive form of pepsin activated by hydrochloric acid
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| Peptidase | any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into amino acids.
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| Peristalsis | the wave like contractions that transport bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach
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| pH | Concentration of H+ ions in relation to OH- ions. More H+ is more acidic and a low number, greater OH- is a larger number and basic.
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| Pharynx | The passage to the stomach and lungs. Circular muscles form constrictions that help push food to the esophagus and precent air form being swallowed.
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| Physical digestion | Breakdown of food by physical means. (chewing, blending, chopping - also includes peristalsis)
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| Protease | any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein
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| Pyloric sphincter | a ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum.
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| Rectum | Terminal extension of the large intestine which opens to the anus.
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| Salivary Amylase | Produced by the salivary glands and starts the initial chemical digestion of starch in the mouth.
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| Salivary Gland | secretes salivary amylase into the mouth
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| Salivary Juice/ Saliva | secretion of the salivary gland. Moistens the oral cavity, provides lubrication for swallowing, and initiates digestion process.
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| Small intestine | Composed of three sections, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. All involved in the absorption of nutrients.
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| Sodium Bicarbonate | Used to neutralize the chyme coming from the stomach into the small intestine.
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| Stomach | Stomach produces gastric juice which breaks down proteins. It prepares the food before it can be transported to the duodenum, the upper part of the small intestine.
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| Swallowing | To take in food to the mouth and propel it towards the stomach through successive muscular action down the esophagus.
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| Trypsin | pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to form smaller polypeptide units.
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| Villus | The villi work in partnership with the small intestine to dispatch nutrients, including amino acids and glucose, to the bloodstream.
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