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SLS Bio 12 Digestion
SLS Bio 12 Digestion MM
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | Absorbing or assimilating substances into cells |
| Anaerobic bacteria | Bacteria capable of surviving in the absence of oxygen |
| Anus | The opening at the end of the digestive tract where waste exits the body |
| Bile | Secreted in liver, stored in gall bladder, discharged in duodenum to aid in digestion and emulsifying fats |
| Capillary | Minute vessels connecting the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes. |
| Cardiac Sphincter | valve between esophagus and stomach |
| Chemical Digestion | process in which chemicals in the body separate large food molecules into smaller ones so they can pass through the wall of the intestine. |
| Digestive Enzyme | enzyme capable of breaking down food into smaller particles/ molecules which are more suitable for absorption |
| Digestive Tract | digestive structures and system from mouth down the throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and finally to the anus. |
| Duodenum | First part of the small intestine |
| Emulsification | break down of fat droplets into smaller more easily digested droplets |
| Epiglottis | Thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea whilst swallowing. |
| Esophagus | a muscular tube in which food passes through enroute to the stomach between the pharynx and the stomach |
| Gall bladder | digestive organ which stores bile (produced in the liver) used in the digestion and absorption of fats in the duodenum. |
| Gastric Juice | acidic digestive fluid secreted by glands lining the stomach, primarily for digestion of food. |
| Hydrochloric acid | Solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water - activates pepsin from its inactive from of pepsinogen |
| Insulin | peptide hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate carbohydrates in the blood ( blood glucose levels) |
| Intestinal Juice | secretions from glands lining the intestinal walls, neutralizes hydrochloric acid coming from the stomach; released gastrointestinal hormones into the bloodstream; contains digestive enzymes that facilitate the digestion and absorption of food. |
| Lacteals | the tiny vessels in the villi located in the wall of the small intestine. Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed and released through the lacteal into the lymphatic system. |
| Large Intestine (colon) | responsible for forming, storing and expelling waste matter. |
| Lipase | water-soluable enzyme released from pancreas into small intestine- catalyzes hydrolysis of lipids, breaking down fats into glycerol and fatty acids. |
| Liver | large glandular organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein, carbs, and fats. |
| Maltase | breaks down maltose into glucose |
| Microvillus | minute hairlike structures projecting from the exposed surface of the cell to increase the surface area allowing for greater absorption and secretion. |
| Nuclease | hydrolyzes nucleic acids into nucleotides |
| Pancreas | secretes insulin, aid in the digestion of fats and proteins in the small intestine by secreting specific enzymes |
| Pancreatic amylase | enzyme in the pancreatic juice that catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch. |
| Pancreatic juice | fluid secreted into the duodenum by the pancreas; important or breaking down starches, proteins and fats |
| Pepsin | digest dietary proteins into simpler, shorter chains of amino acids with hydrochloric acid |
| Pepsinogen | the inactive form of pepsin activated by hydrochloric acid |
| Peptidase | any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of proteins into amino acids. |
| Peristalsis | the wave like contractions that transport bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach |
| pH | Concentration of H+ ions in relation to OH- ions. More H+ is more acidic and a low number, greater OH- is a larger number and basic. |
| Pharynx | The passage to the stomach and lungs. Circular muscles form constrictions that help push food to the esophagus and precent air form being swallowed. |
| Physical digestion | Breakdown of food by physical means. (chewing, blending, chopping - also includes peristalsis) |
| Protease | any enzyme that catalyzes the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein |
| Pyloric sphincter | a ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum. |
| Rectum | Terminal extension of the large intestine which opens to the anus. |
| Salivary Amylase | Produced by the salivary glands and starts the initial chemical digestion of starch in the mouth. |
| Salivary Gland | secretes salivary amylase into the mouth |
| Salivary Juice/ Saliva | secretion of the salivary gland. Moistens the oral cavity, provides lubrication for swallowing, and initiates digestion process. |
| Small intestine | Composed of three sections, duodenum, jejunum and ileum. All involved in the absorption of nutrients. |
| Sodium Bicarbonate | Used to neutralize the chyme coming from the stomach into the small intestine. |
| Stomach | Stomach produces gastric juice which breaks down proteins. It prepares the food before it can be transported to the duodenum, the upper part of the small intestine. |
| Swallowing | To take in food to the mouth and propel it towards the stomach through successive muscular action down the esophagus. |
| Trypsin | pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of proteins to form smaller polypeptide units. |
| Villus | The villi work in partnership with the small intestine to dispatch nutrients, including amino acids and glucose, to the bloodstream. |
Created by:
madym
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