Composition of the Earth
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| Mohs scale | a standard of ten minerals by which the hardness of all minerals may be rated
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| aggregate | a mass or body of rock particles, mineral grains, or a mixture of both
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| asthenosphere | the upper part of the earth's mantle
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| chemical | describes a process of sedimentary rock formation whereby minerals in water are left, or precipitated, when the water evaporates away
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| chemical composition | the elements that make up a rock or a mineral
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| clastic | a rock or sediment made up of fragments derived from preexisting rocks or minerals and that have been transported from their place of origin
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| cleavage | the tendency of a mineral to break along one or more distinct planes
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| compounds | substances containing atoms of two or more different elements
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| covalent bonding | a chemical bond produced by the sharing of electrons
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| crystal structure | the regular, orderly, and repeated arrangement of atoms in a crystal
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| electron | a tiny part of an atom with a negative electrical charge
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| erosion | the gradual removal of the surface of the land by water, wind, or glaciers
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| extrusive | describes igneous rock formed when lava solidifies on earth’s surface
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| felsic | light
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| foliation | texture in metamorphic rock characterized by layers or sheets of minerals
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| fossil | the trace or remains of an organism preserved in rock
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| fracture | the tendency of a mineral to break unevenly
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| humus | organic matter in soil produced from the decomposition of plants and animals
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| igneous rock | rock formed by the cooling and solidification of hot liquid magma or lava
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| inorganic | derived from nonliving things
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| intrusive | coarse
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| ionic bonding | a bond that forms between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion
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| ions | an atom that has unequal numbers of protons and electrons, and is therefore positively or negatively charged
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| lava | molten rock or magma that emerges onto the earth's surface
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| lithification | the process of converting sediments to solid rock, generally by cementing or compacting them
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| lithosphere | the rocky outer layer of the solid earth, averaging about 100 km in depth; the lithosphere includes the continents, islands, and the entire ocean floor
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| mafic | dark colored igneous rock, or molten rock, with low silica and high iron magnesium content
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| magma | the molten or partly molten mixture of minerals, gases, and melted rock found below the earth's surface
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| metamorphic rock | rock that has undergone change, caused by intense heat and pressure, from an earlier form, without melting
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| mineral | any naturally occurring inorganic solid substance with a fixed chemical composition and crystal structure
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| neutron | a neutral particle with approximately the same mass as a proton, found in nuclei of atoms along with protons
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| ore | a rock that contains a mineral that can be mined for profit
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| organic | living or derived from living organisms
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| pegmatitic texture | describes the texture of very coarse grained igneous rocks, having crystals larger than 3 cm
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| porphyritic texture | describes the texture of igneous rocks that have large crystals embedded in a finer grained matrix
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| proton | a positively charged particle found in the nuclei of atoms
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| sedimentary rock | rock formed when sediments are compressed together and lithified (turned to stone; that is, consolidated from loose sediment to solid rock)
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| stratification | the formation, accumulation, or deposition of material in layers; specifically the arrangement of sedimentary rocks in strata (layers)
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| uniformitarianism | the idea that processes at work today on earth are the same processes that worked on earth in the past; accounts for geologic features and geologic changes
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| vent | an opening in the earth´s surface through which volcanic materials extrude; also the conduit through which they pass
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| volcanic neck | an isolated, steep remnant of lava that once occupied the vent of a volcano
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| weathering | the process by which a rock or mineral is broken down
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