AP GOV vocab list
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| Executive Agreement | An agreement with a foreign nation that does NOT require congressional approval
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| Delegate Model | The idea that members of Congress should make the policies favored by their constituents
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| Party Coalition | Groups of voters (EX: labor unions, ethnic minorities) who support one political party over time
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| Limited Government | A government with constrained powers, usually by a constitution
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| Franchise/ suffrage | The right to vote
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| Elite Democracy | A theory that the wealthy have more influence
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| Retrospective Voting | Voting for a candidate based on what he or she has done in the recent past
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| Equality of Opportunity | The idea that the government should provide citizens with the same chance to succeed
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| Oversight | When a congressional committee holds a hearing to determine how well an agency is performing
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| Equal Protection Clause | Constitutional basis for civil rights and equality under the law
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| Categorical grants | Money given by the national government to the states to be used for specific, narrowly defined purposes
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| Civil Rights | Rights provided by the government to protect groups from discrimination
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| Pluralist Democracy | A theory emphasizing group-based activism
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| Discharge Petition | A procedure for getting a bill out of committee and onto the floor for a vote
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| Incumbency Advantage | Those who already hold office are more likely to win than their challengers
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| Monetary Policy | The governments' use of the money supply to influence economic growth
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| Rational-choice Voting | Voting for a candidate because they will act in the voters' best interest
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| Party-line Voting | Voting for candidates from one political party
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| Gerrymandering | Drawing congressional district boundaries to benefit a group, usually a political party
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| Stare Decisis | When a court follows precedent by allowing a previous court decision to stand
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| Individualism | The belief that people should be self-reliant, free from state control, and responsible for their own success or failure
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| Mid-term Elections | An election for members of Congress two years after a presidential election
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| Divided Government | When the president is from one party and one or both houses of Congress are controlled by a different party
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| Block Grants | Money given by the national government to the states to carry out a specific policy, with few restrictions about how it should be spent
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| Symbolic Speech | Non-verbal expression protected by the First Amendment, such as wearing an armband
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| Closed Primary | A vote to determine a party's candidate for office where only members registered to a political party are allowed to vote
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| Pocket Veto | When the president doesn't sign a bill for 10 days, after Congress has adjourned
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| Filibuster | An informal procedure used in the Senate to talk a bill to death
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| Independent Expenditure | Money spent on ads not sponsored by a candidate or party
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| Popular Sovereignty | The idea that the right to rule comes from the people
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| Political Socialization | The process by which an individual develops his/her political beliefs
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| Proportional Representation | A system for electing members of the legislature by voting for political parties, where seats are awarded to parties based on the percentage of votes received
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| Demographics | The statistical characteristics of a population
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| "Lame Duck" president | A president who is at the end of his second term or who has lost an election or decided not to run for a second term
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| Exclusionary Rule | The rule that evidence obtained by authorities in violation of the Constitution may not be used in court
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| Executive Order | A presidential statement that has the force of law and does not require congressional approval
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| Prospective Voting | Voting for a candidate based on predictions about what the candidate will do in the future
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| Judicial Activism | A philosophy that the Supreme Court should use its authority to make bold new policy
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| Trustee Model | The idea that members of Congress should use their expertise and judgment in making policy
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| Open Primary | A vote to determine a party's candidate for office where that party's members and unaffiliated voters may vote
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| Selective Incorporation | The process by which the Bill of Rights has been applied to the states on a case-by-case basis through the 14th Amendment
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| Enumerated Powers | Powers that are given to an institution of government directly in the Constitution
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| Bipartisan | Legislation or policy that has the support of both major political parties
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| Due Process Clause | Constitutional basis for individual liberties and fair treatment by the judicial system
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| Republicanism | A form of government where people elect representatives to carry out their interests
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| Party Caucus | Face-to-Face meeting of party members at the local or state level to pick their party's candidate for office
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| Conservative Ideology | A political view that supports free enterprise and traditional social values
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| PAC | An organization that is registered with the Federal Election Commission that donates money to a candidate or campaign
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| Reapportionment | Redistributing legislative seats according to the population so that each district has roughly the same population
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| General Election | An election for president, members of the House of Representatives, and 1 / 3 of the Senate
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| Signing Statement | Signing a bill with a written statement that the executive will not carry out a portion of the bill
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| Linkage Institutions | Elections, interest groups, political parties, and the media
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| Civil Liberties | Individual rights protected by law from unjust government interference
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| Judicial Restraint | A philosophy that the Supreme Court should limit itself to constitutional interpretation and avoid making bold new policy
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| Miranda Rule | Policy requiring police to inform suspects in custody of their rights
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| Critical Election | An election where new coalitions of voters have formed, beginning a new party era
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| Issue Network/ Iron Triangle | The relationship between a congressional committee or subcommittee, an interest group, and bureaucratic agency regarding a policy area
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| Realignment | When voters leave one of the major political parties and join the other major political party
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| Redistricting | Redrawing congressional district boundaries based on a new census
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| Cloture | A vote by 60 senators to end unlimited debate
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| Political Ideology | An individual's set of beliefs about the role of government
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| Natural Rights | Humans are entitled to Life, Liberty, and Property
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| Budget Deficit | An annual shortfall between federal revenues and expenses
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| Hold in the Senate | A procedure to prevent a bill from reaching the floor
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| Free Enterprise | The idea that businesses should operate in competition, relatively free from government control
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| Revenue Sharing | When the national government distributes tax revenues to the states to spend as they see fit
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| Constituency | The voters in a district or state who are represented by a member of Congress
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| Implied Powers | Powers that are necessary to carry out an expressed power in the Constitution, such as the power of Congress to establish a national bank
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| Politico Model | The idea that members of Congress sometimes use their judgment and sometimes follow the wishes of their constituents in making policy
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| Defamatory Speech | An untrue statement that damage's someone's reputation, which is not protected by the 1st Amendment
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| Winner-take-all System | A system for electing members of the legislature where the person who receives the plurality of votes is awarded the single seat available
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| Logrolling | When members of Congress trade votes for favors in order to get bills they support passed
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| Mandates | When the national government requires the states to do something
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| Keynesian Theory | A theory that the government should spend money during economic recessions to stimulate demand in the economy
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| Super PAC | An organization whose members need not be disclosed that may donate unlimited amounts of money to a candidate or campaign
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| Liberal Ideology | A political view that government should protect individual freedom and civil rights
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| Unanimous Consent | An agreement, usually among congressional leaders, setting the terms for considering a bill
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| Horse Race Journalism | The tendency of the media to focus on which candidate is ahead in the polls rather than focusing on the issues
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| Discretionary Spending | Spending on programs not already required by law
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| Rule of Law | The idea that everyone, including government officials, is subject to well-defined and established laws that are not arbitrary
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| Concurrent Powers | Authority that is shared between the national and state governments
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| Fiscal Policy | The government's use of taxing and spending to influence economic growth
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| Exclusive Powers | Authority that is given only to the national or state governments
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| Social Contract | An agreement between the people, who give up some freedom, in exchange for protection from the government
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| Supply-side Theory | The theory that government should cut taxes to stimulate economic growth
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| Entitlement Programs | A program for which funding is required that provides guaranteed benefits to those who qualify, regardless of income
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| Pork Barrel Legislation | A provision in a bill that benefits a relatively small group of people
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| Mandatory Spending | Spending that is required under the law, such as Medicare and interest on the national debt
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| Participatory Democracy | A theory emphasizing broad citizen involvement in government
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| Federalism | A system of government where power is shared between the national government and the states and where the states have some protected
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