ch 18 head and neck
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| Name four main bones of the body. | Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
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| The brain is divided into two whats. | Hemisphere's
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| Name the four area's of the Brain. | Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem
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| What are the five functions of the Cerebrum. | Motor, sensory info, special senses, cognition, memory
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| What are the three functions of the Cerebellum. | Balance, coordination, smooth muscle control
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| What are the four functions of the diencephalon. | afferent routing, temp, water balance, emotions
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| What are the 3 functions of the brain stem. | HR, Resp R., peripheral blood flow
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| How many meninges are there. | three
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| What are the three meninges called. | Dura matter, arachnoid mater, pia matter
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| What is the sympathetic nervous system. | part of the cns that supplies the involuntary muscles.
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| what is the parasympathetic nervous system. | the system that controls smooth muscle contraction, slowing of the heart rate, and constriction of the pupil
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| How many vessels supply blood to the brain. | four
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| what vessels supply blood to the brain. | 2 common carotid arteries and 2 vertebral arteries.
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| What takes precedence over poss. of spinal fracture. | vital signs
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| What is retrograde amnesia. | when the athlete can not remember anything before the point of concussion (last week)
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| what is anteriograde amnesia. | when athlete cant remember stuff that happened after concussion. (3 words)
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| what is tinnitus. | ringing of the ears.
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| what is nystagmus. | involuntary eyeball side to side movement.
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| what is photophobia. | painful reaction to light.
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| what is a common complaint after brain trauma. | diffuse headaches
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| localized pain indicants what three things. | contusion, skull fracture, intracranial hemorrhage
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| what is a coup injury. | head injury when the stationary skull is hit by a moving object. pain on side of impact.
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| what is a contra coup injury. | head injury when the skull is moving at a high velocity and is suddenly stopped. Brain is traumatized on opposite side of primary trauma.
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| what is repeated sub concussive forces. | repeated non traumatic blows to the head
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| what are Rotational or shear forces. | sudden twisting forces or acceleration and deceleration that result in concussive symptoms.
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| what moi will usually cause the most catastrophic cervical spine injury. | flexion
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| Reports of muscular weakness in one or more extremities tells you what. | May indicate trauma to the brain, spinal cord, or one or more spinal nerve roots.
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| A Laterally flexed and rotated skull that is accompanied by muscle spasm on the side opposite that of the tilt may indicate what. | a dislocation of the cervical vertebra
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| what is ecchymosis behind the mastoid process. | Battle’s sign
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| Battle’s sign is indicative of what. | basilar skull fracture
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| Unilaterally dilated pupil may indicate what. | intracranial hemorrhage’s placing pressure cranial nerve III
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| Bleeding from the nose could represent what. | nasal fracture or a skull fracture
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| what is raccoon eyes. | Ecchymosis under the eyes that may indicate a skull or nasal fracture
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| what is the halo test testing for. | csf leakage coming out of the ears in the presence of skull fracture or trauma.
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| what is Decerebrate posture. | Extension of the extremities and retraction of the head.
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| what is Decorticate posture. | Flexion of the elbows and wrists, clenched fists, and extension of the lower extremity.
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| what is flexion contraction. | Arms flexed across the chest
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| What are three balance and coordination tests you should do. | Romberg Test, Tandem Walking, Balance Error Scoring System
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| If blood pressure doesn't decrease over time or increases over time what should be expected. | severe intracranial hemorrhage
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| a severe sign of consciousness would be what. | loss of consciousness longer than 10 sec or altered consciousness for less than two min.
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| what is anisocoria. | unequal pupil size.
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| Nystagmus can indicates what. | Indicates increased intracranial pressure or inner ear dysfunction.
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| What is post concussion syndrome. | Cognitive impairment following a cerebral concussion.
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| what is a Epidural Hematoma | Arterial bleeding between the dura mater and the skull.
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| what is a Subdural Hematoma. | Hematoma formation between the brain and dura mater.
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| what are the two types of subdural hematoma. | simple and complex.
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| what are the three types of skull fractures. | Linear, Comminuted, Depressed
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| what is a Jefferson's fracture. | fracture of a circular bone in two places.
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| Trauma to spinal cord above c4 has a high probability of what? | death
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| MOI of most cervical fractures or dislocations. | When the neck is forced into flexion and rotation (C4 to C6)
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| what is Transient Quadriplegia. | Body-wide state of decreased or absent sensory or and motor function.
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| MOI of Transient Quadriplegia. | cervical spine hyperextension, hyperflexion or a blow that produces an axial load.
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