Neurology Exam 2
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| Prosody | rhythm and intonation of speech
-located in non-dominant hemisphere
-other aspects of speech are in dominant hemisphere
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| Asteriognosis | stroke involving left parietal association cortex
-on R hand will be asteriognosis
-due to lesion in parietal association cortex; particularly the superior parietal in the dominant hemisphere
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| Primary gustatory area | Location: frontoparietal operculum and the adjacent part of the insula
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| Cribform plate of the ethmoid bone | Head injury following automobile accident
-fractures to basilar skull
-no sense of taste
-no sense of smell
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| Taste sensations transmission posterior 1/3 of tongue | by ipsi glossopharyngeal nerve (VIII)
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| Tongue anterior 2/3 | innervated by Accessory nerve (VII)
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| Where is the location of the taste buds? | epiglottis and palate (X)
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| Damage to solitary tract or nucleus: | complete loss of taste sensations on side of injury
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| Primary olfactory area includes: | uncus
adjacent piriform cortex
entorhinal cortex
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| Primary olfactory area unlike other cortical sensory areas... | receives only ipsi olfactory impulses
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| Night blindness | associated with deficiency of Vitamin A
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| Vitamin A | aids in restoration of the photopigment rhodopsin in the rods
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| Primary Visual Cortex | neurons transform this input to lines or bars of different orientations
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| Primary Olfactory area includes: | - uncus
-adjacent piriform cortex
-entorhinal cortex
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| Primary olfactory cortex differs from other sensory areas how? | receives only ipsilateral olfactory impulses
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| Primary gustatory area is located where? | frontoparietal operculum and the adjacent part of the insula
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| Cribform plate of ethomoid bone | head injury:
-factures to basilar skull
-no taste
-no smell
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| Cataract | opacification of the lens
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| Opacification of the lens causes what? | interference with light rays passing through the lens
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| Color blindness | associated with absence of the red, green, or blue sensitivity photopigments in cones
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| Retinal and Lateral geniculate nucleus | respond to focused spots of light with on-center or off-center response properties
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| Cranial nerves and parts of the brain | are essential for integrity of direct & consensual light reflexes
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| Direct reflexes | ipsilateral optic and occulomotor nerves
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| Consensual reflexes | ipsilateral optic nerves and contralateral occulomotor nerves
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| Limbic system | limbic lobe and various structures that are associated with the consolidation of memory, behavior, emotions
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| Two key functional centers of the limbic systems | amygdala and hippocampus
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| Klüver-Bucy syndrome | Bilateral alterations in the amydalae
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| Amydala | strongly associated with fear
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| Fear and anxiety disorders are mostly likely associated with what? | amygdala
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| Equillibrium and visual fixation | chiefly associated with structures in the internal ear
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| Sensation of head movements | arise from visual system, neck afferents, and semicircular ducts of vestibular systems
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| Abnormal sensation of head movements present when: | head is still and eyes are closed
-abnormal impulses must be originating from semi-circlular ducts
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| sensory and motor abnormalities involving left side of body and face | impairment of vision on left field of vision
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| Single lesion in Right posterior limb of internal capsule | L. hemianesthesia
L. spastic hemiplegia
L. homonymous hemianopsia
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| Right Loop of Meyer damage | -gradual loss of visual sensations from limited area of visual field
-temporarily staggered neuroimaging reviews slow enlarging mass in right temporal lobe white matter
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| Lesion in the Optic Tract | HH homonymous hemiahopia
absence of direct & consensual pupillary light reflexes upon shine of pinpoint light beam onto blind half of either retina
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| Detachment of Retina | occurs between pigment layer and photo receptor layer
-detached part stops functioning because rods and cones are metabolically dependent on pigment cells
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| Anterior Cranial fossa Tumor -Anosmia | -gradual and prolonged loss of smell
-no chronic nasal congetstion
-minimal clear, runny discharge
-no head injury
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