HES 403- Exam 4
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| Main rule of sports nutrition | be flexible; no such thing as one size fits all
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| Pre and post exercise muscle glycogen | best condition= HG glycogen+cho (more utilization, higher average power, shorter time to complete TT)
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| CHO oral sensor | shorter time to complete TT with CHO rinse vs. H2O or artificial sweetener (30 sec swishing better)
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| Soreness and protein | if eaten right after exercise, decreased muscle soreness
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| MCT vs LCT | more water soluble, absorped without lipase, fast absorption, less dependent on carnitine, fast oxidation
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| Women vs. men CHO/lipid | women burn more lipid than men do
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| DSHEA | diet supplement health education act; deregulated dietary supplements
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| Problems with supplements | sometimes active ingredient isn’t there, contaminants
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| Ergogenic aid definition | substance/procedure/object that enhances performance through strength, speed, reaction time, or endurance
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| Five natures of action of ergogenic aids | muscle fiber, delay fatigue/perception, fuel, recovery, other organs (heart/liver/CV/CNS/respiratory)
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| Problems with Xenadrine | publications were not about Xenadrine
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| 4 classes of ergogenic aids | stimulants, anabolic agents, nutritional supplements, other (blood doping)
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| caffeine running time | significantly faster
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| enough caffeine in muscle fibers will cause | twitch; interacts with RyR
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| 3 negative impacts of steroids in males | prostate enlargement, testicular atrophy, fewer sperm
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| 3 negative impacts of steroids in females | breast regression, masculinization, menstrual disruption
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| androstenedione | (in synthesis pathway) increased estrogen, no effect on testosterone, no increase in strength
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| HGH | increases lipolysis and blood glucose; can cause acromegaly
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| Carnitine supplementation | increased strength, fat free mass; only 20% is available for muscle (not shown to enhance sprint performance)
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| HMB | metabolite of leucine; increases muscle mass and lowers body fat, increases immune function
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| What was the problem/surprise with HMB diagrams? | only a few weeks (no hypertrophy in this time)
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| What has most BCAA research been on? | metabolic processes and not performance
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| Risks of blood doping | blood clots, transfusion complications, heart failure
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| VO2 max and fatigue after blood doping | VO2 max elevated for 16 weeks, fatigue improvements decline over 16 weeks (but still significant)
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| Possible long-term side effects of O2 supplementation | blindness, oxidation
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| Bicarbonate supplementation | pH buffering, increased performance in 1-7min duration all-out
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| Obese females are __x more likely to get type 2 diabetes | 12.4x
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| Leptin is arguably | an anti-starvation hormone/not anti-obesity because responds to under feeding but not over feeding
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| Leptin resistance | saturated blood-brain-barrier
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| Minnesota starvation experiment | lost 30% of body mass; gained more fat mass back
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| What is lost in week 1 of weight loss? | mostly water
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| Weight loss should not exceed | 1-2 pounds per week
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| Waist circumference | very robust correlation between central subcutaneous and visceral
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| Polygenic vs. monogenic | almost all diseases are polygenic
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| Three possible targets of weight loss medications | modify absorption, serotonin, uncouplers
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| Orlistat | inhibits pancreatic lipase
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| Sibutramine | non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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| DNP | uncoupler
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| Initial problem in diabetes | likely defect in lipid metabolism
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| 3 rare types of diabetes | monogenic (insulin receptor), gestational, trauma/drug-induced
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| how do type II diabetics become insulin dependent? | beta cell fatigue (still type II)
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| exercise in both types of diabetes | I may help, II definitely helps
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| feet type I | sensory issues, wound healing slower, less blood flow (most common reason for amputations)
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| how does exercise enhance insulin sensitivity? | non-insulin dependent glut4 translocation and some glut1 present as well
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| 2 diagnoses for diabetes | OGTT >200 mg/dL after 2 hours; fasting 126 mg/dL
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| why can’t type 1 diabetes just have transplant? | inconsistent antigen; would just kill those beta cells
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| two types of medications for diabetes | insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers
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| most common CVD | CHD
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| atherosclerosis | narrowing of arteries due to plaque build-up
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| coronary heart disease | atherosclerosis in coronary arteries
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| ischemia | deficiency in blood to a tissue due to CAD
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| infarction | tissue necrosis due to ischemia
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| what causes heart failure? | previous heart attack
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| congestive heart failure | when ejection fraction is down below 10-15% (normally 60%); edema (especially in lungs)
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| unstable vs. stable clots | unstable have fibrous clot, stable under endothelium; unstable much more dangerous b/c may get lodged elsewhere
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| what was wrong with the artery cross section diagram? | though it is larger w/ consistent exercise, there will still be plaque
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| hypertension problems | arteries become less elastic over time, left ventricular hypertrophy
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| hypertension incidence | 1 in 4 US adults
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| how does digitalis work? | inhibits Na/K ATPase, so body starts to exchange Ca for Na and Ca helps contractility (for congestive heart failure)
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| stroke | aka cerebral vascular accident; cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage
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| biggest risk factor for CAD | sedentary lifestyle
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