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HES 403- Exam 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Main rule of sports nutrition | be flexible; no such thing as one size fits all |
| Pre and post exercise muscle glycogen | best condition= HG glycogen+cho (more utilization, higher average power, shorter time to complete TT) |
| CHO oral sensor | shorter time to complete TT with CHO rinse vs. H2O or artificial sweetener (30 sec swishing better) |
| Soreness and protein | if eaten right after exercise, decreased muscle soreness |
| MCT vs LCT | more water soluble, absorped without lipase, fast absorption, less dependent on carnitine, fast oxidation |
| Women vs. men CHO/lipid | women burn more lipid than men do |
| DSHEA | diet supplement health education act; deregulated dietary supplements |
| Problems with supplements | sometimes active ingredient isn’t there, contaminants |
| Ergogenic aid definition | substance/procedure/object that enhances performance through strength, speed, reaction time, or endurance |
| Five natures of action of ergogenic aids | muscle fiber, delay fatigue/perception, fuel, recovery, other organs (heart/liver/CV/CNS/respiratory) |
| Problems with Xenadrine | publications were not about Xenadrine |
| 4 classes of ergogenic aids | stimulants, anabolic agents, nutritional supplements, other (blood doping) |
| caffeine running time | significantly faster |
| enough caffeine in muscle fibers will cause | twitch; interacts with RyR |
| 3 negative impacts of steroids in males | prostate enlargement, testicular atrophy, fewer sperm |
| 3 negative impacts of steroids in females | breast regression, masculinization, menstrual disruption |
| androstenedione | (in synthesis pathway) increased estrogen, no effect on testosterone, no increase in strength |
| HGH | increases lipolysis and blood glucose; can cause acromegaly |
| Carnitine supplementation | increased strength, fat free mass; only 20% is available for muscle (not shown to enhance sprint performance) |
| HMB | metabolite of leucine; increases muscle mass and lowers body fat, increases immune function |
| What was the problem/surprise with HMB diagrams? | only a few weeks (no hypertrophy in this time) |
| What has most BCAA research been on? | metabolic processes and not performance |
| Risks of blood doping | blood clots, transfusion complications, heart failure |
| VO2 max and fatigue after blood doping | VO2 max elevated for 16 weeks, fatigue improvements decline over 16 weeks (but still significant) |
| Possible long-term side effects of O2 supplementation | blindness, oxidation |
| Bicarbonate supplementation | pH buffering, increased performance in 1-7min duration all-out |
| Obese females are __x more likely to get type 2 diabetes | 12.4x |
| Leptin is arguably | an anti-starvation hormone/not anti-obesity because responds to under feeding but not over feeding |
| Leptin resistance | saturated blood-brain-barrier |
| Minnesota starvation experiment | lost 30% of body mass; gained more fat mass back |
| What is lost in week 1 of weight loss? | mostly water |
| Weight loss should not exceed | 1-2 pounds per week |
| Waist circumference | very robust correlation between central subcutaneous and visceral |
| Polygenic vs. monogenic | almost all diseases are polygenic |
| Three possible targets of weight loss medications | modify absorption, serotonin, uncouplers |
| Orlistat | inhibits pancreatic lipase |
| Sibutramine | non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
| DNP | uncoupler |
| Initial problem in diabetes | likely defect in lipid metabolism |
| 3 rare types of diabetes | monogenic (insulin receptor), gestational, trauma/drug-induced |
| how do type II diabetics become insulin dependent? | beta cell fatigue (still type II) |
| exercise in both types of diabetes | I may help, II definitely helps |
| feet type I | sensory issues, wound healing slower, less blood flow (most common reason for amputations) |
| how does exercise enhance insulin sensitivity? | non-insulin dependent glut4 translocation and some glut1 present as well |
| 2 diagnoses for diabetes | OGTT >200 mg/dL after 2 hours; fasting 126 mg/dL |
| why can’t type 1 diabetes just have transplant? | inconsistent antigen; would just kill those beta cells |
| two types of medications for diabetes | insulin secretagogues, insulin sensitizers |
| most common CVD | CHD |
| atherosclerosis | narrowing of arteries due to plaque build-up |
| coronary heart disease | atherosclerosis in coronary arteries |
| ischemia | deficiency in blood to a tissue due to CAD |
| infarction | tissue necrosis due to ischemia |
| what causes heart failure? | previous heart attack |
| congestive heart failure | when ejection fraction is down below 10-15% (normally 60%); edema (especially in lungs) |
| unstable vs. stable clots | unstable have fibrous clot, stable under endothelium; unstable much more dangerous b/c may get lodged elsewhere |
| what was wrong with the artery cross section diagram? | though it is larger w/ consistent exercise, there will still be plaque |
| hypertension problems | arteries become less elastic over time, left ventricular hypertrophy |
| hypertension incidence | 1 in 4 US adults |
| how does digitalis work? | inhibits Na/K ATPase, so body starts to exchange Ca for Na and Ca helps contractility (for congestive heart failure) |
| stroke | aka cerebral vascular accident; cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage |
| biggest risk factor for CAD | sedentary lifestyle |
Created by:
melaniebeale
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