Covering Meiosis, Mitosis, and Genetics
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| Define asexual reproduction | reproduction without a partner creating exact copies of chromosomes and offspring; typically faster process.
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| Define sexual reproduction | reproduction with a partner creating variations in offspring and a blend of chromosomes; typically slower process.
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| What is the difference in number of parents between asexual and sexual reproduction? | asexual has only one while sexual has two parents.
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| What is the difference in offspring between asexual and sexual reproduction? | asexual are identical while sexual is different.
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| What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? | if something kills one cell, it will kill all offspring.
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| What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction? | typically a slower process.
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| Define binary fission | asexual reproduction in organisms without a nucleus. Typically happens in bacteria.
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| Define budding and the types of organisms that use this type of reproduction | asexual reproduction in simple life forms with a nucleus that creates an exact copy. Typically happens in yeast and sea sponges.
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| Cell cycle | the life cycle of the cell incorporating all stages of mitosis.
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| Parent cell | the cell that is dividing.
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| Daughter cell | the identical cells formed during mitosis.
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| Ceontrosomes | organelle responsible for pulling chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell during reproduction.
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| Spindles | microtubules that grab hold of chromosomes to help move them during mitosis.
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| Interphase | active phase of the cell where organelle duplication occurs. Chromosome duplication happens here as well.
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| Prophase | first stage of mitosis and meiosis where the nucleus disappears and chromosomes look like spaghetti.
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| Metaphase | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
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| Anaphase | Copies of each chromosome separate and move towards opposite sides of the cell.
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| Telophase | nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes and cells begin to separate.
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| Cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm into two separate cells.
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| Define haploid | single set of unpaired chromosomes
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| Define diploid | containing two complete sets of chromosomes
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| Define gametes | mature (both male and female) haploid cell able to unite during sexual reproduction.
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| Define maternal | from the mother or female.
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| Define paternal | from the father or male.
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| Interphase | active phase of the cell where organelle duplication occurs. Chromosome duplication happens here as well.
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| Prophase I | first stage of meiosis where the nucleus disappears and chromosomes look like spaghetti.
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| Crossing Over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Happens during prophase I.
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| Metaphase I | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
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| Anaphase I | copies of each chromosome separate and move towards opposite sides of the cell.
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| Telophase I | nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes and cells begin to separate.
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| Prophase II | 2nd stage of meiosis where the nucleus disappears and chromosomes become visible. No duplication of chromosomes occurred.
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| Metaphase II | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell.
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| Anaphase II | chromosome separate and move towards opposite sides of the cell.
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| Telophase II | nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes and cells begin to separate into four haploid cells.
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| Similarity between meiosis and mitosis | both have chromosome duplication during interphase;
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| Differences between meiosis and mitosis | meiosis happens sexually and creates 4 unique, haploid cells while mitosis happens asexually and creates two, identical diploid cells.
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| Define homologous chromosomes | set of chromosomes with one maternal and one paternal chromosome paired.
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| Identify three reasons why we aren’t like mom and dad | independent assortment, crossing over of chromosomes, and random pairing of gametes.
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| Define genotype | genes present in DNA
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| Define Homozygous | two genes of the same type; pure bred
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| Define Heterozygous | mixture of genes; hybrid
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| Define Phenotype | outward appearance of an organism.
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| Define allele | alternate forms of the same gene.
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| Define Mendel’s 1st Law of Dominance | In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype.
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| Define Mendel’s 2nd Law of Segregation | During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.
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| Define dominant | An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even when heterozygous with a recessive allele
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| Define recessive | an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical
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| Define co-dominant | Of or relating to two alleles of a gene that are both fully expressed in a heterozygote
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| Define Mendel’s 3rd Law of Independent Assortment | Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another.
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