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Reproduction Test
Covering Meiosis, Mitosis, and Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define asexual reproduction | reproduction without a partner creating exact copies of chromosomes and offspring; typically faster process. |
| Define sexual reproduction | reproduction with a partner creating variations in offspring and a blend of chromosomes; typically slower process. |
| What is the difference in number of parents between asexual and sexual reproduction? | asexual has only one while sexual has two parents. |
| What is the difference in offspring between asexual and sexual reproduction? | asexual are identical while sexual is different. |
| What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? | if something kills one cell, it will kill all offspring. |
| What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction? | typically a slower process. |
| Define binary fission | asexual reproduction in organisms without a nucleus. Typically happens in bacteria. |
| Define budding and the types of organisms that use this type of reproduction | asexual reproduction in simple life forms with a nucleus that creates an exact copy. Typically happens in yeast and sea sponges. |
| Cell cycle | the life cycle of the cell incorporating all stages of mitosis. |
| Parent cell | the cell that is dividing. |
| Daughter cell | the identical cells formed during mitosis. |
| Ceontrosomes | organelle responsible for pulling chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell during reproduction. |
| Spindles | microtubules that grab hold of chromosomes to help move them during mitosis. |
| Interphase | active phase of the cell where organelle duplication occurs. Chromosome duplication happens here as well. |
| Prophase | first stage of mitosis and meiosis where the nucleus disappears and chromosomes look like spaghetti. |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. |
| Anaphase | Copies of each chromosome separate and move towards opposite sides of the cell. |
| Telophase | nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes and cells begin to separate. |
| Cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm into two separate cells. |
| Define haploid | single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| Define diploid | containing two complete sets of chromosomes |
| Define gametes | mature (both male and female) haploid cell able to unite during sexual reproduction. |
| Define maternal | from the mother or female. |
| Define paternal | from the father or male. |
| Interphase | active phase of the cell where organelle duplication occurs. Chromosome duplication happens here as well. |
| Prophase I | first stage of meiosis where the nucleus disappears and chromosomes look like spaghetti. |
| Crossing Over | the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring. Happens during prophase I. |
| Metaphase I | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. |
| Anaphase I | copies of each chromosome separate and move towards opposite sides of the cell. |
| Telophase I | nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes and cells begin to separate. |
| Prophase II | 2nd stage of meiosis where the nucleus disappears and chromosomes become visible. No duplication of chromosomes occurred. |
| Metaphase II | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. |
| Anaphase II | chromosome separate and move towards opposite sides of the cell. |
| Telophase II | nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes and cells begin to separate into four haploid cells. |
| Similarity between meiosis and mitosis | both have chromosome duplication during interphase; |
| Differences between meiosis and mitosis | meiosis happens sexually and creates 4 unique, haploid cells while mitosis happens asexually and creates two, identical diploid cells. |
| Define homologous chromosomes | set of chromosomes with one maternal and one paternal chromosome paired. |
| Identify three reasons why we aren’t like mom and dad | independent assortment, crossing over of chromosomes, and random pairing of gametes. |
| Define genotype | genes present in DNA |
| Define Homozygous | two genes of the same type; pure bred |
| Define Heterozygous | mixture of genes; hybrid |
| Define Phenotype | outward appearance of an organism. |
| Define allele | alternate forms of the same gene. |
| Define Mendel’s 1st Law of Dominance | In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation. Offspring that are hybrid for a trait will have only the dominant trait in the phenotype. |
| Define Mendel’s 2nd Law of Segregation | During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring. |
| Define dominant | An allele that expresses its phenotypic effect even when heterozygous with a recessive allele |
| Define recessive | an allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when its paired allele is identical |
| Define co-dominant | Of or relating to two alleles of a gene that are both fully expressed in a heterozygote |
| Define Mendel’s 3rd Law of Independent Assortment | Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another. |
Created by:
sdscience6
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