VOCABULARY LIST
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| acids | compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
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| bases | molecules that either release hydroxide ions (OH-) or take up hydrogen ions (H+); bases have a pH greater than 7
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| buffer | a compound or combination of compounds (often a weak acid or base and a related salt) that keeps the pH of a solution within its normal limits
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| hemoglobin | An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen
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| hydrogen bonding | weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule
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| hydrophilic | water-loving molecules that are polar in nature
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| hydrophobic | water-phobic molecules that are non-polar
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| lubricant | A fluid used to reduce friction by creating a thin layer between microscopic "hills and valleys" of a surface.
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| pH | relative strength of an acid
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| polarity | Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions.
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| solvent | liquid component of a solution
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| temperature regulator | Water acts as this by using its numerous hydrogen bonds to resist temperature changes, also evaporation of sweat helps cool the human body.
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| amino acids | has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups that include an amino group (–NH2), an acidic group (–COOH), and an R group, so named because it is the remainder of the molecule
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | (ATP) high-energy molecules used by the cell to synthesize macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and proteins
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| Dehydration Synthesis | a common process that joins monomers to build polymers; an -OH group (hydroxyl group) and an -H group (hydrogen atom) are removed as the reaction proceeds; as the monomers join, a water molecule is produced
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| lipids | include steroids, such as the sex hormones and cholesterol, fats and oils, which act as energy storage molecules in organisms, ______ are unable to dissolve in water because they are neutral (non-polar)
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| enzyme | a biological catalyst that speeds up the chemical reactions that occur in the body; does this by lowering the activation energy required for each chemical reaction
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| hormones | a chemical messenger that travels through the body and influences cell functions, such as metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis
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| peptide bond | (C-N) covalent bonds that join two amino acids
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| plasma | the liquid portion of the blood; mainly consists of water; 7% to 8% of plasma consists of proteins
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| primary proteins | a linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N) that formed by dehydration synthesis
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| primary structure | it is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including stereochemistry)
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| proteins | polymers with amino acid monomers; include all antibodies, enzymes, most hormones, and much of structural support in the tissues of our bodies; structure consists of polymers made from the twenty different amino acids found in cells
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| quaternary structure | it s the arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex
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| quaternary proteins | made of two or more tertiary proteins joined together
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| R-group | Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups that include an amino group (NH2), and acidic group (COOH), and an R group. The R group is so named because it makes up the remainder of the molecule.
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| secondary proteins | looks like a primary protein coiled into a slinky
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| tertiary structure |
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| tertiary proteins | a three-dimensional structure created by a secondary protein that has folded back upon itself
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| Monosaccharide | molecules such as glucose and fructose, which are single sugars; each has a similar chemical formula of C6H12O6
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| Cellular energy |
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| Hexose |
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| Starch |
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| glycogen |
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| Glucose |
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| Carbohydrate | made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1; the empirical or simplest formula for any carbohydrate is (CH2O)n
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| Disaccharide | (di, two; saccharide, sugar) composed of double sugars; dehydration synthesis is the process that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide
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| Hydrolysis | reaction in which the cell degrades macromolecules by adding water molecules
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| neutral fats | another term for triglycerides (fats and oils) but the neutral means the molecule is non-polar or neutral
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| phospholipids | are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.
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| saturated fatty acids | solid at room temperature (e.g., lard and butter); they have the maximum number of hydrogens on the fatty acid chains
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| steroids | has a backbone of four fused carbon rings, each one differing primarily by the functional group attached to it, and by the arrangements if the rings; hormones such as estrogen, aldosterone, and testosterone are steroids
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| triglycerides | triglycerides are made of one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules; the fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, and end with the acidic group COOH
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| unsaturated fatty acids | liquids at room temperature (e.g., olive and peanut oils); these molecules have double bonds between any two carbon atoms that have less than two hydrogens attached to them
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| complementary base pairing |
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| cytosine (C) |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses
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| double helix | describes the appearance of a DNA molecule
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| guanine (G) |
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| ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
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| nitrogenous base |
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| nucleic acids | there are two types of nucleic acids; DNA and RNA; both are polymers of nucleotides
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| nucleotide | composed of three main parts: a phosphate group (phosphoric acid), a pentose sugar (DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose), and a nitrogen-containing base
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| phosphate |
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| thymine (T) |
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| uracil (U) |
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