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BIO 12-MOD1/SEC1.2
VOCABULARY LIST
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acids | compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water |
| bases | molecules that either release hydroxide ions (OH-) or take up hydrogen ions (H+); bases have a pH greater than 7 |
| buffer | a compound or combination of compounds (often a weak acid or base and a related salt) that keeps the pH of a solution within its normal limits |
| hemoglobin | An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen |
| hydrogen bonding | weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule |
| hydrophilic | water-loving molecules that are polar in nature |
| hydrophobic | water-phobic molecules that are non-polar |
| lubricant | A fluid used to reduce friction by creating a thin layer between microscopic "hills and valleys" of a surface. |
| pH | relative strength of an acid |
| polarity | Any separation of charge into distinct positive and negative regions. |
| solvent | liquid component of a solution |
| temperature regulator | Water acts as this by using its numerous hydrogen bonds to resist temperature changes, also evaporation of sweat helps cool the human body. |
| amino acids | has a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups that include an amino group (–NH2), an acidic group (–COOH), and an R group, so named because it is the remainder of the molecule |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | (ATP) high-energy molecules used by the cell to synthesize macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and proteins |
| Dehydration Synthesis | a common process that joins monomers to build polymers; an -OH group (hydroxyl group) and an -H group (hydrogen atom) are removed as the reaction proceeds; as the monomers join, a water molecule is produced |
| lipids | include steroids, such as the sex hormones and cholesterol, fats and oils, which act as energy storage molecules in organisms, ______ are unable to dissolve in water because they are neutral (non-polar) |
| enzyme | a biological catalyst that speeds up the chemical reactions that occur in the body; does this by lowering the activation energy required for each chemical reaction |
| hormones | a chemical messenger that travels through the body and influences cell functions, such as metabolism, growth and development, and homeostasis |
| peptide bond | (C-N) covalent bonds that join two amino acids |
| plasma | the liquid portion of the blood; mainly consists of water; 7% to 8% of plasma consists of proteins |
| primary proteins | a linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds (C-N) that formed by dehydration synthesis |
| primary structure | it is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms (including stereochemistry) |
| proteins | polymers with amino acid monomers; include all antibodies, enzymes, most hormones, and much of structural support in the tissues of our bodies; structure consists of polymers made from the twenty different amino acids found in cells |
| quaternary structure | it s the arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex |
| quaternary proteins | made of two or more tertiary proteins joined together |
| R-group | Amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and three groups that include an amino group (NH2), and acidic group (COOH), and an R group. The R group is so named because it makes up the remainder of the molecule. |
| secondary proteins | looks like a primary protein coiled into a slinky |
| tertiary structure | |
| tertiary proteins | a three-dimensional structure created by a secondary protein that has folded back upon itself |
| Monosaccharide | molecules such as glucose and fructose, which are single sugars; each has a similar chemical formula of C6H12O6 |
| Cellular energy | |
| Hexose | |
| Starch | |
| glycogen | |
| Glucose | |
| Carbohydrate | made primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1; the empirical or simplest formula for any carbohydrate is (CH2O)n |
| Disaccharide | (di, two; saccharide, sugar) composed of double sugars; dehydration synthesis is the process that joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide |
| Hydrolysis | reaction in which the cell degrades macromolecules by adding water molecules |
| neutral fats | another term for triglycerides (fats and oils) but the neutral means the molecule is non-polar or neutral |
| phospholipids | are a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers. |
| saturated fatty acids | solid at room temperature (e.g., lard and butter); they have the maximum number of hydrogens on the fatty acid chains |
| steroids | has a backbone of four fused carbon rings, each one differing primarily by the functional group attached to it, and by the arrangements if the rings; hormones such as estrogen, aldosterone, and testosterone are steroids |
| triglycerides | triglycerides are made of one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules; the fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached, and end with the acidic group COOH |
| unsaturated fatty acids | liquids at room temperature (e.g., olive and peanut oils); these molecules have double bonds between any two carbon atoms that have less than two hydrogens attached to them |
| complementary base pairing | |
| cytosine (C) | |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | is a molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many viruses |
| double helix | describes the appearance of a DNA molecule |
| guanine (G) | |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | |
| nitrogenous base | |
| nucleic acids | there are two types of nucleic acids; DNA and RNA; both are polymers of nucleotides |
| nucleotide | composed of three main parts: a phosphate group (phosphoric acid), a pentose sugar (DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains the sugar ribose), and a nitrogen-containing base |
| phosphate | |
| thymine (T) | |
| uracil (U) |
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WOOLGIRL
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