Pg 152-154 Vocabulary
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| Vertebral Column or spine | The spine, formed of a number of individual bones called vertebrae and two composite bones (sacrum and coccyx)
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| Vertebrae | Before birth the spine consists of 33 separate bones, but 9 of these merge to form two composite bones.
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| Intervertebral Discs | Pads of flexible fibrocartilage that cushion the vertebrae and absorb shocks while allowing the spine flexibility.
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| Herniated Discs | Drying of the discs, along with a weakening of the ligaments of the vertebral column, predisposed to older people. May also result when the vertebral column is subjected to exceptional twisiting forces.
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| Primary Curvatures | The spinal curvatures in the thoracic and sacral regions.
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| Secondary Curvatures | The curvatures in the cervical and lumbar regions.
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| Body or Centrum | Disclike, weight-bearing part of the vertebra facing anteriorly in the vertebral column
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| Vertebral Arch | Arch formed from the joining of all posterior extensions the laminae and pedicles, from the vertebral body.
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| Vertebral Foramen | Canal through which the spinal cord passess.
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| Transverse Processes | Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch.
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| Spinous Process | Single projection arising from the posterior of the vertebral arch (actually the fused laminate).
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| Superior and inferior articular processes | Paired projections lateral to the vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae.
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| Cervical Vertebrae | Identified as C1 - C7 which form the neck region of the spine.
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| Atlas | The first cervical vertebra; articulates with the occipital bone of the skull and the second cervical vertebra (axis)
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| Axis | (1) The second cervical vertebra; has a vertical projection called the dens around which the atlas rotates (2) The imaginary line about which a joint or structure revolves
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| Dens | A large upright process which acts as the pivot point.
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | Identified as T1 - T12. Larger than the cervical vertebrae and are distinguished by the fact that they are the only vertebrae to articulate with their ribs.
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| Lumbar Vertebrae | Classified as L1 - L5 which have massive, blocklike bodies.
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| Sacrum | Formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. Superiorly it articulates with L5, but it connects with the coccyx inferiorly.
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| Coccyx | Formed from the fsion of three to five tiny, irregularly shaped vertebrae.
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