Basic Tissue
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| turnover time | time it takes for newly divided cells to be completely replaced throughout body
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| epithelium | covers/lines external and internal body surfaces (vessels/small cavities); protects inner structures from physical, chemical, pathogenic attack, dehydration, heat loss; functions in tissue absorption, secretin, sensory, other specialized functions
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| simple epithelium | single layer of epithelial cells
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| simple squamous | flattened platelike epithelial cells (squames) lining blood/lymphatic vessels, heart, serous cavities, lungs, kidneys
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| endothelium | simple squamous epithelium lining of vessels and serous cavities
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| basement membrane | thin acellular structure between any form of epithelium and deeper CT
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| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | lines upper respiratory tract - nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
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| cuboidal cells | line salivary glands
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| columnar cells | line salivary gland ducts
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| stratified epithelium | two or more layers, only deepest layer lines up w. basement membane
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| stratified squamous epithelium | most tissue in the body - superifical layer of skin and oral mucosa
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| rete ridges | interdigitation of outer epithelium with deeper CT w/ basement membrane between
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| keratin | tough, fibrous, opaque, waterproof protein impervious to pathogenic invasion and resistant to friction
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| basal lamina | superficial layer of basement membrane
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| lamina lucida | clear layer of basement membrane closer to epithelium
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| lamina densa | dense layer of basement membrane closer to connective tissue
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| reticular lamina | deeper layer of basement membrane of collagen and reticular fibers
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| collagen fibers | main CT fiber found everywhere in body except blood; great tensile strength
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| Collagen fibers Type I | most common type in skin dermis, lamina propria, bone, teeth, tendons, and virtually all CT
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| Collagen Fibers Type II | in hyaline and elastic cartilage
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| Collagen Fibers type III | main component of reticular fibers, artery walls, skin, intestines, and uterus; in granulation tissue, produced quickyly by young fibroblasts, commonly found w/ type I
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| collagen fibers type IV | in basal lamina, eye lens, and filtration system of capilaries and kidneys nephron glomeruli
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| elastic fibers | composed of microfilaments embedded in protein elastin; found in lamina propria of soft palate
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| reticular fibers | found in embryonic tissue, less common in body; composed of protein reticulin, very fine, hairlike fibers that branch, forming network; predominant in lymph nodes and spleen
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| fibroblasts | most common cell in CT; synthesize proteins and intercellular substances to sustain CT; flat, elongated cells w/ cytoplasmic processes at each end
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| cartilage | firm, nonmineralized CT that serves as skeletal tissue of body; composed of cells and matrix
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| perichondrium | fibrous CT sheath containing blood vessels surrounding most cartilage
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| chondroblast | produce cartilage matrix and chondrocytes
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| chondrocytes | mature chondroblasts that maintain cartilage matrix
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| lacunae | small space surrounding chondrocyte within cartilage matrix
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| hyaline cartilage | most common; contains only collagen fibers; found in embryonic skeleton and growth centers (mandibular condyle); all cartilage starts out like this then differentiates
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| elastic cartilage | has numerous elastic fibers and collagen fibers; found in external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of larynx
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| fibrocartilage | transitional type of cartilage between hyaline and dense CT of ligaments and tendons; never found alone; great tensile strength; no perichondrium over it
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| bone | rigid CT makes up most of skeleton; undergoes most developmental differentiation of all CT
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| periosteum | double-layered, dense CT sheath covering outer parts of bone; contains blood vessels/nerves; inner layer made up of single layer of osteoblasts
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| compact bone | dense layer deep to periosteum
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| cancellous bone | spongy bone deep to compact bone
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| endosteum | lines medullary cavity of bone inside compact and cancellous bone
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| bone marrow | innermost part of bone in medullary cavity; location of blood stem cells, site for lymphocyte creation, and B-cell maturation
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| osteoid | initial bone matrix; minerlizes to form bone; produced by osteoblasts
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| osteocytes | entrapped mature osteoblasts within mature bone
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| canaliculi | tubular canals of bone matrix containing cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes
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| lamellae | closely apposed sheets of compact bone
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| haversion system | highly organized arrangement of concentric lamellae in compact bone
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| osteons | unit of structure in compact one consisting of 5 to 20 lamallae
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| haversion canal (osteonic or central canals) | central vascular canal within each osteon surrounded by lamellae; contains blood vessels, nerves, small amount of CT and lined by endosteum
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| Volkmann's canals | located on outer part of compact bone; nutrient, vascular, nerve components; communicate with other canals
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| trabeculae | joined matrix pieces forming lattice in cancellous bone; concentric rings formed into cone-shaped spicules
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| ossification | bone development; intramembranous or endochondrial
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| intramembranous ossification | formation of osteoid between two dense CT sheets, eventually replaces outer CT; mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts to form osteoid; maxilla and maj. of mandible
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| endochondral ossification | formation of osteoid within hyaline cartilage model that becomes mineralized and dies; bone matrix replaces earlier cartilage model; mandibular condyle and long bones
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| immature bone (woven bone) | first bone produced by either method of ossificatin; temporary, indistinct arrangement of collagen fibers and lamellae
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| secondary bone | replaces immature bone; can be compact or cancellous; well-oranized collagen fibers and distinct lamellae
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| osteoclast | large multinucleated cell on surface of secondary bone that resorbs bone
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| howships lacuna | large, shallow pit created by resorption
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| arrest lines (resting lines) | smooth lines between layers of bone b/c of osteoblasts having rested, formed bone, and rested again after appositional growth
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| reversal lines | scalloped lines between layers of bone indicating where bone resorption has taken place followed by appositional growth of new bone
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| blood | fluid CT that serves as transport medium for cellular nutrients; carried in endothelium lined vessels; consists of plasma and cells
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| plasma | fluid substance in blood vessels that carries plasma proteins, blood cells, and metabolites; more consistent than tissue fluid/lymph
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| RBC or erythrocyte | biconcave disc containing hemoglobin; most common cell in blood; no nucleus
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| platelets (thrombocytes) | smaller, disc shaped fragment of a blood cell; no nucleus, function in clotting mechanism
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| WBCs | involved in defense mechanism of body - inflammatory and immune responses; found in small numbers in epithelium and CT
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| neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte PMNs) | most common WBC, first cells at injury, large numbers at suppuration; multilobed nucleus w/ granules; phagocytosis
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| lymphocyte | eccentric round nucleus without granules; B, T, NK cells; defense against tumor and virally infected cells
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| plasma cell | round cartwheel nucleus derived from B-cell lymphocytes; humoral immune response: produces immunoglobulins (antibodies)
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| monocyte (blood)/macrophage (tissue) | bean-shaped nucleus w/ poorly staining granules; inflammatory and immune: phagocytosis and present immunogens (antigens); most common type in CT proper
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| eosinophil | bilobed nucleus w/ granules; hypersensitivity response (allergy) and parasitic diseases, main function phagocytosis of immune complexes
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| basophil | irregularly shaped bilobed/trilobed nucleus w/ granules; hypersensitivity response
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| mast cell | irregularly shaped bilobed nucleus with granules; hypersensitivity response
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| immunogen | proteins seen by body as foreign and capable of triggering immune response
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| IgA | two subgroups: serous in blood, secretory in saliva, tears, and breast milk; both aid in defense against pathogens in body fluids
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| IgD | functions in activation of B-cell as antigen receptor; has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors
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| IgE | involved in hypersensitivity response; binds to mast cells and basophils, and releases bioactive substances such as histamine
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| IgG | four subgroups: major immunoglobulin in blood serum and an pass placental barrier to form first passive immunity for newborn
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| IgM | involved in early immune responses against pathogens b/c of involvement with IgD in activation of Bcell before sufficient IgG production
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| skeletal muscles | muscles under voluntary control involving somatic nervous system
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| muscle | derived from somites, shortens under neural control causing soft tissue and bony structures of body to move
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| smooth muscle | located in organs, glands, and linings of blood vessels
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| cardiac muscle | in wall of heart (myocardium)
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| neuron | functional cellular component of NS composed of neural cell body with two neural cytoplasmic processes: dendrites and axon
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| nerve | bundle of neural processes outside CNS and in PNS
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| synapse | junction between two neurons or between neuron and effector organ where neural impulses transmitted by neurotransmitters
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| ganglion | aggregation of neuron cell bodies outside CNS
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