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Histology Ch 8
Basic Tissue
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| turnover time | time it takes for newly divided cells to be completely replaced throughout body |
| epithelium | covers/lines external and internal body surfaces (vessels/small cavities); protects inner structures from physical, chemical, pathogenic attack, dehydration, heat loss; functions in tissue absorption, secretin, sensory, other specialized functions |
| simple epithelium | single layer of epithelial cells |
| simple squamous | flattened platelike epithelial cells (squames) lining blood/lymphatic vessels, heart, serous cavities, lungs, kidneys |
| endothelium | simple squamous epithelium lining of vessels and serous cavities |
| basement membrane | thin acellular structure between any form of epithelium and deeper CT |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | lines upper respiratory tract - nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses |
| cuboidal cells | line salivary glands |
| columnar cells | line salivary gland ducts |
| stratified epithelium | two or more layers, only deepest layer lines up w. basement membane |
| stratified squamous epithelium | most tissue in the body - superifical layer of skin and oral mucosa |
| rete ridges | interdigitation of outer epithelium with deeper CT w/ basement membrane between |
| keratin | tough, fibrous, opaque, waterproof protein impervious to pathogenic invasion and resistant to friction |
| basal lamina | superficial layer of basement membrane |
| lamina lucida | clear layer of basement membrane closer to epithelium |
| lamina densa | dense layer of basement membrane closer to connective tissue |
| reticular lamina | deeper layer of basement membrane of collagen and reticular fibers |
| collagen fibers | main CT fiber found everywhere in body except blood; great tensile strength |
| Collagen fibers Type I | most common type in skin dermis, lamina propria, bone, teeth, tendons, and virtually all CT |
| Collagen Fibers Type II | in hyaline and elastic cartilage |
| Collagen Fibers type III | main component of reticular fibers, artery walls, skin, intestines, and uterus; in granulation tissue, produced quickyly by young fibroblasts, commonly found w/ type I |
| collagen fibers type IV | in basal lamina, eye lens, and filtration system of capilaries and kidneys nephron glomeruli |
| elastic fibers | composed of microfilaments embedded in protein elastin; found in lamina propria of soft palate |
| reticular fibers | found in embryonic tissue, less common in body; composed of protein reticulin, very fine, hairlike fibers that branch, forming network; predominant in lymph nodes and spleen |
| fibroblasts | most common cell in CT; synthesize proteins and intercellular substances to sustain CT; flat, elongated cells w/ cytoplasmic processes at each end |
| cartilage | firm, nonmineralized CT that serves as skeletal tissue of body; composed of cells and matrix |
| perichondrium | fibrous CT sheath containing blood vessels surrounding most cartilage |
| chondroblast | produce cartilage matrix and chondrocytes |
| chondrocytes | mature chondroblasts that maintain cartilage matrix |
| lacunae | small space surrounding chondrocyte within cartilage matrix |
| hyaline cartilage | most common; contains only collagen fibers; found in embryonic skeleton and growth centers (mandibular condyle); all cartilage starts out like this then differentiates |
| elastic cartilage | has numerous elastic fibers and collagen fibers; found in external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis and parts of larynx |
| fibrocartilage | transitional type of cartilage between hyaline and dense CT of ligaments and tendons; never found alone; great tensile strength; no perichondrium over it |
| bone | rigid CT makes up most of skeleton; undergoes most developmental differentiation of all CT |
| periosteum | double-layered, dense CT sheath covering outer parts of bone; contains blood vessels/nerves; inner layer made up of single layer of osteoblasts |
| compact bone | dense layer deep to periosteum |
| cancellous bone | spongy bone deep to compact bone |
| endosteum | lines medullary cavity of bone inside compact and cancellous bone |
| bone marrow | innermost part of bone in medullary cavity; location of blood stem cells, site for lymphocyte creation, and B-cell maturation |
| osteoid | initial bone matrix; minerlizes to form bone; produced by osteoblasts |
| osteocytes | entrapped mature osteoblasts within mature bone |
| canaliculi | tubular canals of bone matrix containing cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes |
| lamellae | closely apposed sheets of compact bone |
| haversion system | highly organized arrangement of concentric lamellae in compact bone |
| osteons | unit of structure in compact one consisting of 5 to 20 lamallae |
| haversion canal (osteonic or central canals) | central vascular canal within each osteon surrounded by lamellae; contains blood vessels, nerves, small amount of CT and lined by endosteum |
| Volkmann's canals | located on outer part of compact bone; nutrient, vascular, nerve components; communicate with other canals |
| trabeculae | joined matrix pieces forming lattice in cancellous bone; concentric rings formed into cone-shaped spicules |
| ossification | bone development; intramembranous or endochondrial |
| intramembranous ossification | formation of osteoid between two dense CT sheets, eventually replaces outer CT; mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts to form osteoid; maxilla and maj. of mandible |
| endochondral ossification | formation of osteoid within hyaline cartilage model that becomes mineralized and dies; bone matrix replaces earlier cartilage model; mandibular condyle and long bones |
| immature bone (woven bone) | first bone produced by either method of ossificatin; temporary, indistinct arrangement of collagen fibers and lamellae |
| secondary bone | replaces immature bone; can be compact or cancellous; well-oranized collagen fibers and distinct lamellae |
| osteoclast | large multinucleated cell on surface of secondary bone that resorbs bone |
| howships lacuna | large, shallow pit created by resorption |
| arrest lines (resting lines) | smooth lines between layers of bone b/c of osteoblasts having rested, formed bone, and rested again after appositional growth |
| reversal lines | scalloped lines between layers of bone indicating where bone resorption has taken place followed by appositional growth of new bone |
| blood | fluid CT that serves as transport medium for cellular nutrients; carried in endothelium lined vessels; consists of plasma and cells |
| plasma | fluid substance in blood vessels that carries plasma proteins, blood cells, and metabolites; more consistent than tissue fluid/lymph |
| RBC or erythrocyte | biconcave disc containing hemoglobin; most common cell in blood; no nucleus |
| platelets (thrombocytes) | smaller, disc shaped fragment of a blood cell; no nucleus, function in clotting mechanism |
| WBCs | involved in defense mechanism of body - inflammatory and immune responses; found in small numbers in epithelium and CT |
| neutrophil (polymorphonuclear leukocyte PMNs) | most common WBC, first cells at injury, large numbers at suppuration; multilobed nucleus w/ granules; phagocytosis |
| lymphocyte | eccentric round nucleus without granules; B, T, NK cells; defense against tumor and virally infected cells |
| plasma cell | round cartwheel nucleus derived from B-cell lymphocytes; humoral immune response: produces immunoglobulins (antibodies) |
| monocyte (blood)/macrophage (tissue) | bean-shaped nucleus w/ poorly staining granules; inflammatory and immune: phagocytosis and present immunogens (antigens); most common type in CT proper |
| eosinophil | bilobed nucleus w/ granules; hypersensitivity response (allergy) and parasitic diseases, main function phagocytosis of immune complexes |
| basophil | irregularly shaped bilobed/trilobed nucleus w/ granules; hypersensitivity response |
| mast cell | irregularly shaped bilobed nucleus with granules; hypersensitivity response |
| immunogen | proteins seen by body as foreign and capable of triggering immune response |
| IgA | two subgroups: serous in blood, secretory in saliva, tears, and breast milk; both aid in defense against pathogens in body fluids |
| IgD | functions in activation of B-cell as antigen receptor; has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors |
| IgE | involved in hypersensitivity response; binds to mast cells and basophils, and releases bioactive substances such as histamine |
| IgG | four subgroups: major immunoglobulin in blood serum and an pass placental barrier to form first passive immunity for newborn |
| IgM | involved in early immune responses against pathogens b/c of involvement with IgD in activation of Bcell before sufficient IgG production |
| skeletal muscles | muscles under voluntary control involving somatic nervous system |
| muscle | derived from somites, shortens under neural control causing soft tissue and bony structures of body to move |
| smooth muscle | located in organs, glands, and linings of blood vessels |
| cardiac muscle | in wall of heart (myocardium) |
| neuron | functional cellular component of NS composed of neural cell body with two neural cytoplasmic processes: dendrites and axon |
| nerve | bundle of neural processes outside CNS and in PNS |
| synapse | junction between two neurons or between neuron and effector organ where neural impulses transmitted by neurotransmitters |
| ganglion | aggregation of neuron cell bodies outside CNS |
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jablain09
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