Science
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| Earthquake | Vibrations in the Earth caused by the sudden release of energy, usually as a result of rocks along a fault.
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| Crust | The Earth's outer layer; the coolest and least dense layer of the Earth.
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| Fault | A fracture in bedrock, along which blocks of rock on opposite sides of the fracture move.
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| Mantle | The layer of earth beneath the crust. About 2300 km. thick and makes up about 83% of the Earth's interior.
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| Lithosphere | the rigid, outermost shell of a rocky planet, and can be identified on the basis of its mechanical properties.
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| Tectonic Plates | The theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core. The plates act like a hard and rigid shell compared to Earth's mantle. This strong outer layer is called the lithosphere.
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| Seismologist | A scientist who studies earthquakes.
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| S-Wave | Shakes buildings violently.
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| P-Wave | Causes buildings to contract and expand.
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| Surface Wave | Shakes buildings from side to side.
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| Focus | The point at which a rock under stress breaks and triggers an earthquake.
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| Epicenter | The point on the surface above the focus.
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| Seismic Waves | Vibrations that carry energy through the earth due to earthquakes.
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| Magnitude | A measurement of an earthquake's strength.
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| Tsunami | Water displaced by a strong earthquake in the ocean floor.
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| Liquefaction | When an earthquake's violent shaking turns loose soft soil into liquid mud.
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| Aftershock | An earthquake that occurs after a big one in the same area.
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| Base Isolators | These pads separate, or isolate, a building from it’s foundation and prevent some of an earthquake’s energy from entering the building.
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| Shear Core Walls | Transfers some of a quake’s energy from roofs and floors to the foundation.
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| Cross Bracing | These are placed between stories of a building to stiffen the frame of a building.They also absorb energy during an earthquake.
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| Mass Damper/ Damper | A device mounted in structures to reduce the amplitude of mechanical vibrations. Their application can prevent discomfort, damage, or outright structural failure.
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| Flexible Pipe | These bend as energy passes through them, greatly reducing damage.
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| Tension Ties | These devices firmly “tie” the floors and ceilings of a building to the walls. These also absorb and scatter earthquake energy and thus reduce damage.
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| Stress | A force that acts on rock to change it's shape or volume.
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| Tension | Pulls on the rock, stretching it.
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| Compression | Squeezes the rock, causing it to fold or break.
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| Strike-Slip Fault | Fault that has little up or down motion.
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| Normal Fault | The hanging wall slides up and over the footwall.
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| Reverse Fault | The hanging wall slides down and under the footwall
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| Anticline | A fold in the rock that bends upward
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| Syncline | A fold in the rock that bends downward
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| Plateau | A large flat area of land, high above sea level
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| Hanging Wall | The block of rock that lies above
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| Footwall | The block of rock that hangs below
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| Shearing | Stress that pushes a mass of rock in two opposite directions.
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| Basalt | A rock that makes up much of the ocean floor
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| Asthenosphere | A soft layer of rock in the mantle
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| Granite | A rock that makes up the core of the continents.
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| Pressure | The force pushing on a surface or area
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| Outer Core | The layer made of liquid iron and nickel
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| Inner Core | Not very dense; under extreme pressure
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| Mercalli Scale | Measures the intensity of an earthquake
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| Richter Scale | Measures the magnitude of an earthquake
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| Continental Crust | Made of land on the surface
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| Oceanic Crust | Made of the land in the sea
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