general meteorology
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| order of layers of air in atmosphere and their temp trends | show 🗑
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| height of tropopause | show 🗑
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| top three permanent gases in atmosphere | show 🗑
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| show | carbon dioxide and methane (also ozone, if you count it)
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| show | heat from the sun is reflected back out to space and some of it gets trapped by GH gases, keeping heat in and causing earth to warm
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| temperature conversions | show 🗑
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| latent heat..when consumed and released | show 🗑
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| show | radiation from sun(most important), convection drives weather, conduction only relevent in first few cm of surface where earth gives off heat
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| show | advection is a horizontal transfer of air and convection is air circulating in a cell with heat rising and cool air falling
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| show | both in visible light, sun at one half micrometer and earth at 10 micrometers
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| show | because clouds tends to hold the heat from the day in like a lid on a jar
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| show | driven by earth's rotation, energy gains from the sun and losses from earth's emission. loss exceeds gain by 4pm when max temp is reached.
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| three processes where water absorbs energy | show 🗑
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| factors that control both diurnal and annual temp cycles (they are the same) | show 🗑
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| show | condensation, freezing, and deposition (air to ice)
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| relative humidity v dew point | show 🗑
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| RH is temp independent and dew point is temp dependent. T or F | show 🗑
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| show | occurs when the rate at which the number of molecules evaporating exactly equals the number condensing
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| list the 5 types of fog | show 🗑
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| show | when radiative cooling lowers temp in near surface air to dew point, forms at surface and thickens on up, happens on cool clear nights, heat rises from land cooling the bottom of air til it reaches saturation
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| show | warm moist air is cooled moving over a cool surface, ex is coasts
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| evaporation fog | show 🗑
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| show | rising air parcel cools to condensation temp, reaching saturation
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| valley fog | show 🗑
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| ten main cloud types | show 🗑
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| characteristics of higher clouds and examples | show 🗑
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| show | mostly water, some ice, usually water, even at freezing..altostratus, altocumulus
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| show | mare's tails, puffy streaks, wispy
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| show | halo around sun, doesn't look like cloud
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| show | puffy, looks like sock fuzzies
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| show | darker cloud, spread out
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| altocumulus | show 🗑
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| show | entirely water, (rarely ice, only in winter)
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| show | large puffy cottony, flat bottoms, sharp gradations in color and thickness
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| nimbostratus | show 🗑
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| stratus | show 🗑
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| storm sequence, cloud development | show 🗑
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| mammatus | show 🗑
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| altocumulus castellanus (accas) | show 🗑
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| show | formed by upward deflection of air, often above topographic peaks, may be stacked (looks like dradle)
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| show | like lenticularis, more subtle, forms above dev'g cumulus
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| show | wave-form, reflecting wave pattern in air flow, can be induced by topography, rippled
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| kelvin-helmhotz | show 🗑
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| show | nacreous, noctilucent, contrails
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| show | thin, form in stratosphere, low moisture, look ghostly, iridescent, all ice
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| noctilucent | show 🗑
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| contrails | show 🗑
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| show | c.n. has vertical dev't and n.s. forms in sheets
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| show | True
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| four processes of air lifting to form clouds | show 🗑
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| orographic lifting | show 🗑
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| show | F. it's the opposite, think of an inversion
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| show | air warms from sun and becomes buoyant and rises
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| show | low pressure systems or troughs, ex is stratus
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| frontal lifting | show 🗑
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| saturated adiabatic lapse rate | show 🗑
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| show | actual change in temp of air, depending on altitude
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| dry adiabatic lapse rate | show 🗑
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| show | F.
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| show | T.
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| air will fall back down when warmer than surroundings | show 🗑
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| if ELR is less than DALR, but ELR is greater than SALR, air is conditionally unstable | show 🗑
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| show | F. air cools more slowly as it rises
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| unstable air | show 🗑
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| show | lifted air is cooler than surroundings (and will sink), air dropped will be warmer than surroundings and rise
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| show | air lifted is warmer than surroundings, air cooled will be cooler than surroundings
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| show | air lifted at DALR is cooler than surrounding, once saturated cooling at SALR
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| show | saturation occurs at lifting condensation level (LCL), this defines this place
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| show | T
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| if a stratus cloud breaks up, it cools. T or F | show 🗑
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| what is the DALR | show 🗑
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| describe conditonally stable air | show 🗑
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| show | low ELR, cooling of low air, cold air advection, winds across cool surface or warming of high air
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| what conditions favor instability | show 🗑
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| show | bottom is warmed by radiation from earth's surface, top is cooled by radiation upward, this causes increasing lapse rate, instability
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| show | F. it will increase the lapse rate
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| why does lifting a sheet of air increase its lapse rase | show 🗑
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| show | rain on avg is 2mm, cloud droplet is .02mm
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| cirrocumulus are smaller than altocumulus | show 🗑
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| show | F. surface area is smaller and resists air less
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| show | one million
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| saturation pressure above ice is less than that above liquid water | show 🗑
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| two ways to get precipitation | show 🗑
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| collision and coalescence | show 🗑
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| show | because once they reach terminal velocity, if they were to get any bigger they would split
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| intensity of rain, scale | show 🗑
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| show | based on visibility, more 1/2 mi is light1/4 to 1/2 is moderateless than 1/4 is heavy
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| show | temperature and saturation
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| show | supercooled, less than zero celcius, freezes to ice on surface (glaze), way worse than sleet
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| sleet | show 🗑
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| hail formation | show 🗑
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| show | larger mass to surface area ratio causes faster falling until it reaches t.v. and cannot speed up ..dec'n = acc'n
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| show | automated surface observing station. many instruments at various levels
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| show | measures temp, ASOS uses one to measure electrical resistance, as metal expands its ER increases
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| sling psychrometer (hygrometer) | show 🗑
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| ASOS uses a dew point hygrometer. T or F | show 🗑
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| aneroid barometer | show 🗑
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| show | measures wind, cups rotate in horizontal plane, gives speed
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| show | measures wind, propeller on wind vane determined velocity so both speed and direction are recorded
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| tipping bucket | show 🗑
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| weighing-type | show 🗑
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| show | measure of snow, ratio varies from 6:1 to 30:1 and depends on how packed snow is
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| snow range sensor | show 🗑
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| show | measures snow, lands on pillow and is weighed, measures actual water equivolence
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| show | measures cloud height, cloud cover, has visibility sensor, uses scatter of light from clouds, precip ID sensor
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| show | F. They are measured at a height of 10m
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| RADAR | show 🗑
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| show | useful for detecting rotation in storms and tornadoes, measures wind speed where reg radar only gives reflection
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| radiosonde and rawinsonde | show 🗑
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| show | visible has best resolution, IR temp relates to cloud height, water vapor not clouds, all images come out black and white
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| show | universal coordinated time (zulu) = greenwich mean time without DL savings. UTC -5=CDT in DL savings, UTC -6=CST off of DL savings
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| wind | show 🗑
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| knot | show 🗑
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| why doesn't air flow upward from high pressure to low pressure? | show 🗑
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| surface winds blow parallel to H pressure to L pressure and upper winds blow obliquely across isobars. T or F | show 🗑
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| what controls the frictinal force | show 🗑
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| show | it is proportional to gradient and high gradient represents closely spaced isobars
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| show | changes direction, but not speed of anything with respect to the ground, including air
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| show | right in the N hemisphere, and left in the S hemisphere
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| show | in iso-heights on surfaces of equal pressure
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| show | wind represents vector combination of PGF and Coriolis "force." Air moves form hi p to lo p due to PGF and is deflected by CF. Air is more deflected as CF increases with velocity. Winds end up parallel to isobars
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| show | frictional interaction with sea and land surfaces. friction slows wind, but doesn't reduce PGF, they are thirty degrees about isobars
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| geostrophic wind | show 🗑
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| IR cloud images | show 🗑
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| visible cloud images | show 🗑
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cblue
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