Adult Health I
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| an _____ disease may not pose risk for transmission | infectious
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| examples of infectious diseases are ___ and ____ | viral meningitis and pneumonia
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| if the infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another, it is termed ___ | communicable disease
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| pathogens multiply and cause s/s ___ | symptomatic
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| what happens to create an infection? | infectious agent or pathogen, a reservior or source for pathogen growth, a portal of exit from reservior, a mode of tranmission, a portal of entry to a host, a susceptible host
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| microorganisms include ___, ____, ____, and ____ | bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
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| if hands are visibly soiled with proteinaceous material _____ is preferred hand hygiene practice | soap and water
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| if hands are not visibly soiled _____ is the preferred hand hygiene practice | alcohol-based hand product or hand washing with soap and water
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| the potential fro microorganisms to cause disease depends on what 4 things? | dose, virulence, ability to enter and survive in the host, host resistance or susceptibility of the host
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| reservoir for hepatitis A | feces
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| reservoir for hepatitis B | blood and certain body fluids, sexual contact
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| reservoir for hepatitis C | blood, centain bpdy fluids, and sexual contact
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| reservoir for herpes simplex virus type i | lesions of the mouth or skin, saliva, genitalia
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| reservoir for HIV | blood, semen, vainal secretions via sexual contact
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| what are diseases caused by herpes simplex virus type 1? | cold sores, aseptic meningitis, sexually transmitted disease, herpetic whitlow
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| reservoir for aspergillus organisms | (fungi) soil, dust, mouth, skin, colon, genital tract
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| reservoir for candida albicans | (fungi) mouth, skin, colon, genital tract
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| what are diseases caused by aspergillus organisms? | apergillosis, pneumonia, sepsis
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| what are diseases caused by candida albicans? | candidiasis, pneumonia, sepsis
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| reservoir for plasmodium falciparum | (protozoa) blood
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| what is a disease caused by plasmodium falciparum? | malaria
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| reservoir for e.coli | colon
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| what are diseases caused by e.coli? | gastroenteritis, UTI
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| reservoir for staphylococcus aureus | skin, hair, anterior nares, mouth
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| what are diseases caused by staph aureus? | wound infections, pnuemonia, food poisioning, cellulitis
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| reservoir for streptococcus beta hemolytic group A organisms | oropharynx, skin, perineal area
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| what are diseases caused by strept beta hemolytic group A? | "strep throat," rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo, wound infection
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| what are diseases caused by strept beta hemolytic group A? | UTI, wound infection, postpartum sepsis, neonatal sepsis
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| reservoir for streptococcus beta hemolytic group A organisms | adult genitalia
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| reservoir for mycobacterium tuberculosis | droplet nuclei from lungs, larynx
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| what disease does mycobacterium tuberculosis cause? | TB
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| reservoir for neisseria gonorrhoeae | genitourinary tract, rectum, mouth
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| what are diseases caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae? | gonorrhea, pelvic inflam disease, infectious arthritis, conjuctivitis
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| reservoir for rickettsia rickettsii | wood tick
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| what diseases are caused by rickettsia rickettsii? | rocky mountain spotted fever
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| reservoir for staphylococcus epidermidis | skin
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| what diseases are caused by staphylococcua epidermidis? | wound infection, bacteremia
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| hep A survives in ____ but does not multiply | shellfish
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| most common reservoir | human body
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| psedomonas organisms survive where? | nebulizers
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| causes botulism and survives in improperly processes foods | closteridium botulinum
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| causes legionnaires disease and survives in contaiminated water and water systems | legionella pneumopila
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| to thrive organisms needs 6 things in their environment | proper food, water, oxygen, temperature, pH, and light
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| causes gas gangrene | clostridium perfringens
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| clostridium difficile is an ____ bacteria | anaerobic
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| temperature that prevents growth is called (example cold temps) | bacteriostasis
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| a temperature that destroys bacteria is called | bactericidal
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| most bacteria prefer a pH of ___ | 5-7
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| person to person (fecal to oral) is ___ contact | direct
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| physical contact between source and susceptible hose is___ contact | direct
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| personal contact of susceptible host with contaminated inanimate object is ___ contact | indirect
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| large particles that travel up to 3 feet and come in contact with susceptible host is | droplet transmission
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| droplet nuclei, or residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air or carried on dust particles are ____ | airborne transmission
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| contaiminated items, water, drugs, solutions, blood, and food are ____ | vehicles transmission
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| external mechanical transfer, internal transmission such as parasitic conditions between vector and host such as mosquito, louse, flea, and tick are ___ | vector transmission
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| what are 4 modes of transmission? | contact, airborne, vehicles, and vectors
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| hep A, shigella, staph are ___ transmission | direct contact
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| hep B, hep C, HIV, staph, respiratory syncytial virus, pseudomonas, methicillin-resistant staph aureus are ___ transmission | indirect contact
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| flu, rubella virus, bacterial meningitis are ___ transmission | droplet contact
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| mycobacterium TB, varicella zoster virus, aspergillus, measles are ___ transmission | airborne
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| vibrio cholerae, MRSA are ___ transmission | contaiminated items (vehicles)
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| pseudomonas, legionells are ___ transmission | water (vehicles)
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| pseudomonas is ___ transmission | drugs, solutions (vehicles)
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| hep B, hep C, HIV, syphillis are ___ transmission | blood (vehicles)
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| salmonella, e. coli, clostridium botulinum are ___ transmission | food (vehicles)
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| v. cholerae is ___ transmission | external mechanical transfer (vector)
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| plasmodium falciparum (malaria), west nile are ___ transmission | mosquito (vector)
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| rickettsia typhi is ___ transmission | louse (vector)
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| yersinia pestis (plague) is __ transmission | flea (vector)
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| borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease) is ___ transmission | tick (vector)
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| interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms | incubation period
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| interval from onset of nonspecific s/s to more specific s/s. during this time, microorganisms grow and multiply, and client may be capable of spreading disease to tohers | prodromal stage
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| interval when client manifests s/s specific to type of infection | illness stage
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| interval when acute s/s of infection disappear | convalescence
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| develops when broad-specturm antibiotics are used and eliminate a large range of normal flora organisms | suprainfection
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| after tissues are injured, a series of well-coordinated events occur (3 things) | vascular and cellular responses. formation of inflam exudates, and tissue repair
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| is a process that invloves the destruction and absorption of bacteria | phagocytosis
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| an increased number of circulation WBC in the body's response to WBC leaving blood vessels | leukocytosis
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| ____ is caused by phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells that cause a rise in teh hypothalamic set point | fever
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| clear, like plasma fluid | serous
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| contains RBC fluid | sanguineous
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| contains WBC and bacteria fluid | purulent
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| infection resulting from delivery of health services in a health care facility | iatrogenic
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| a nosocomial infection that results from an outside exposure to client | exogenous
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| an infection that results from part of a pt's normal flora being altered and overgrowth results (example antibiotics) | endogenous
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| ___ are teh most common cause of communicable illnesses in young to middle-aged adults | viruses
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| clients who have surgery require an increased intake of ___ | protein
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| normal WBC count | 5000-10000
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| increases WBC indicates ___ | acute infection
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| decreased WBC indicates ____ | certain viral or overwhelming infections
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| normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) | up to 15mm/hr for men and 20mm/hr for women
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| increased sed rate indicates ___ | inflammatory process
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| normal iron level | 60-90g/100ml
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| decreased iron level indicates __ | chronic infection
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| what is the normal outcome of a culture and gram stain of a wound, sputum, and throat? | no WBC and gram stain, possiblr normal flora
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| on a culture and gram stain, what indicates infecction? | presence of infectious microorganism growth and WBC on gram stain
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| what percentage of WBC should neutophils be? | 55-70
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| what percentage of WBC should lymphocytes be? | 20-40
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| what percentage of WBC should monocytes be? | 5-10
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| what percentage of WBC should eosinophils be? | 1-4
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| what percentage of WBC should basophils be? | 0.5-1.5
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| increase in neutrophils indicates __ | acute suppurative (pus forming) infection
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| decrease in neutrophils indicates ___ | overwhelming bacterial infection (older adult)
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| increase in lymphocytes indicates ___ | chronic bacterial and viral infection
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| decrease in lymphocytes indicates ___ | sepsis
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| increase in monocytes indicates ___ | protozoan, rickettsial, and TB infections
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| increase in eosinophils indicates __ | parasitic infection
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| basophils present are ___ in an infection | normal
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| WBC < 5000 indicates ___ | impaired immunity
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| a defining characteristic of infection is the CD4 cells being __ | low
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| the absence of patogenic microorganisms | aseptic
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| medical asepsis is __ | clean technique
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| primary source of infection transmission in the health care setting | health care workers contaminated hands
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| process that eliminates many or all microorganisma with the exception of bacerial spores from inanimate objects | disinfection
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| alchols, chlorines, glutaraldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and phenols are examples of __ | disinfectants
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| is the complete elimination of all mircoorganisms, including spores | sterilization
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| steam under pressure, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide plasma, and chemicals are examples of ___ | steilizing agents
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| never raise a drainage system above the level of the ____ | site being drained unless it is clamped off
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| 1st and most important tiered is __ | standard precautions
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| 2nd tiered is ___ | addresses isolation precautions, which are based on the mode of transmission of the disease
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| isolation precautions are termed ___, ___, ___, and ___ | airborne, droplet, contact, protective environment
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| are protein molecules released by bacteria to affect host cells at a distant site | toxins
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| are produced and released by certain bacteria into the surrounding environment | exotoxins
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| are produced in the cell walls of certain bacteria and released only with cell lysis | endotoxins
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| bacteria in the blood stream | bacteremia
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| completes the chain of infection | portal of exit
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| deliberate failure to take medication | nnoncompliance
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| accidential failure to take medication | nonadherence
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| health care worker must observe and validate client compliance with drug regimen | directly observed therapy
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| body tissue, phagocytosis, and inflammation are ___ defenses | nonspecific
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| immune system are ___ defenses | specific
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| a differential count usually shows a shift to the ___ during active infections | left....increased number of immature neutophils
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| ___ and ____ are the most common types of drugs used when infection is accompanied by hypertherma (fever) | antipyretics and antimicrobials
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| systemic sepsis | septicemia
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| insufficient cardiac output is compounded by hypovolemia; inadequate blood supply to vital organs leads to hypoxia and metabolic failure | septic shock or sepsis-induced distributive shock
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| what are the 5 types of leukocyte WBC? | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
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| malaria and mononucleosis are infections that are associated with ____ | neutropenia (<neutrophils)
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| measures the rate in which RBC fall through plasma | ESR (sed rate)
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| reinfection or a second infection | superinfection
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