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AH- CH 34
Adult Health I
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| an _____ disease may not pose risk for transmission | infectious |
| examples of infectious diseases are ___ and ____ | viral meningitis and pneumonia |
| if the infectious disease can be transmitted directly from one person to another, it is termed ___ | communicable disease |
| pathogens multiply and cause s/s ___ | symptomatic |
| what happens to create an infection? | infectious agent or pathogen, a reservior or source for pathogen growth, a portal of exit from reservior, a mode of tranmission, a portal of entry to a host, a susceptible host |
| microorganisms include ___, ____, ____, and ____ | bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa |
| if hands are visibly soiled with proteinaceous material _____ is preferred hand hygiene practice | soap and water |
| if hands are not visibly soiled _____ is the preferred hand hygiene practice | alcohol-based hand product or hand washing with soap and water |
| the potential fro microorganisms to cause disease depends on what 4 things? | dose, virulence, ability to enter and survive in the host, host resistance or susceptibility of the host |
| reservoir for hepatitis A | feces |
| reservoir for hepatitis B | blood and certain body fluids, sexual contact |
| reservoir for hepatitis C | blood, centain bpdy fluids, and sexual contact |
| reservoir for herpes simplex virus type i | lesions of the mouth or skin, saliva, genitalia |
| reservoir for HIV | blood, semen, vainal secretions via sexual contact |
| what are diseases caused by herpes simplex virus type 1? | cold sores, aseptic meningitis, sexually transmitted disease, herpetic whitlow |
| reservoir for aspergillus organisms | (fungi) soil, dust, mouth, skin, colon, genital tract |
| reservoir for candida albicans | (fungi) mouth, skin, colon, genital tract |
| what are diseases caused by aspergillus organisms? | apergillosis, pneumonia, sepsis |
| what are diseases caused by candida albicans? | candidiasis, pneumonia, sepsis |
| reservoir for plasmodium falciparum | (protozoa) blood |
| what is a disease caused by plasmodium falciparum? | malaria |
| reservoir for e.coli | colon |
| what are diseases caused by e.coli? | gastroenteritis, UTI |
| reservoir for staphylococcus aureus | skin, hair, anterior nares, mouth |
| what are diseases caused by staph aureus? | wound infections, pnuemonia, food poisioning, cellulitis |
| reservoir for streptococcus beta hemolytic group A organisms | oropharynx, skin, perineal area |
| what are diseases caused by strept beta hemolytic group A? | "strep throat," rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, impetigo, wound infection |
| what are diseases caused by strept beta hemolytic group A? | UTI, wound infection, postpartum sepsis, neonatal sepsis |
| reservoir for streptococcus beta hemolytic group A organisms | adult genitalia |
| reservoir for mycobacterium tuberculosis | droplet nuclei from lungs, larynx |
| what disease does mycobacterium tuberculosis cause? | TB |
| reservoir for neisseria gonorrhoeae | genitourinary tract, rectum, mouth |
| what are diseases caused by neisseria gonorrhoeae? | gonorrhea, pelvic inflam disease, infectious arthritis, conjuctivitis |
| reservoir for rickettsia rickettsii | wood tick |
| what diseases are caused by rickettsia rickettsii? | rocky mountain spotted fever |
| reservoir for staphylococcus epidermidis | skin |
| what diseases are caused by staphylococcua epidermidis? | wound infection, bacteremia |
| hep A survives in ____ but does not multiply | shellfish |
| most common reservoir | human body |
| psedomonas organisms survive where? | nebulizers |
| causes botulism and survives in improperly processes foods | closteridium botulinum |
| causes legionnaires disease and survives in contaiminated water and water systems | legionella pneumopila |
| to thrive organisms needs 6 things in their environment | proper food, water, oxygen, temperature, pH, and light |
| causes gas gangrene | clostridium perfringens |
| clostridium difficile is an ____ bacteria | anaerobic |
| temperature that prevents growth is called (example cold temps) | bacteriostasis |
| a temperature that destroys bacteria is called | bactericidal |
| most bacteria prefer a pH of ___ | 5-7 |
| person to person (fecal to oral) is ___ contact | direct |
| physical contact between source and susceptible hose is___ contact | direct |
| personal contact of susceptible host with contaminated inanimate object is ___ contact | indirect |
| large particles that travel up to 3 feet and come in contact with susceptible host is | droplet transmission |
| droplet nuclei, or residue or evaporated droplets suspended in air or carried on dust particles are ____ | airborne transmission |
| contaiminated items, water, drugs, solutions, blood, and food are ____ | vehicles transmission |
| external mechanical transfer, internal transmission such as parasitic conditions between vector and host such as mosquito, louse, flea, and tick are ___ | vector transmission |
| what are 4 modes of transmission? | contact, airborne, vehicles, and vectors |
| hep A, shigella, staph are ___ transmission | direct contact |
| hep B, hep C, HIV, staph, respiratory syncytial virus, pseudomonas, methicillin-resistant staph aureus are ___ transmission | indirect contact |
| flu, rubella virus, bacterial meningitis are ___ transmission | droplet contact |
| mycobacterium TB, varicella zoster virus, aspergillus, measles are ___ transmission | airborne |
| vibrio cholerae, MRSA are ___ transmission | contaiminated items (vehicles) |
| pseudomonas, legionells are ___ transmission | water (vehicles) |
| pseudomonas is ___ transmission | drugs, solutions (vehicles) |
| hep B, hep C, HIV, syphillis are ___ transmission | blood (vehicles) |
| salmonella, e. coli, clostridium botulinum are ___ transmission | food (vehicles) |
| v. cholerae is ___ transmission | external mechanical transfer (vector) |
| plasmodium falciparum (malaria), west nile are ___ transmission | mosquito (vector) |
| rickettsia typhi is ___ transmission | louse (vector) |
| yersinia pestis (plague) is __ transmission | flea (vector) |
| borrelia burgdorferi (lyme disease) is ___ transmission | tick (vector) |
| interval between entrance of pathogen into body and appearance of first symptoms | incubation period |
| interval from onset of nonspecific s/s to more specific s/s. during this time, microorganisms grow and multiply, and client may be capable of spreading disease to tohers | prodromal stage |
| interval when client manifests s/s specific to type of infection | illness stage |
| interval when acute s/s of infection disappear | convalescence |
| develops when broad-specturm antibiotics are used and eliminate a large range of normal flora organisms | suprainfection |
| after tissues are injured, a series of well-coordinated events occur (3 things) | vascular and cellular responses. formation of inflam exudates, and tissue repair |
| is a process that invloves the destruction and absorption of bacteria | phagocytosis |
| an increased number of circulation WBC in the body's response to WBC leaving blood vessels | leukocytosis |
| ____ is caused by phagocytic release of pyrogens from bacterial cells that cause a rise in teh hypothalamic set point | fever |
| clear, like plasma fluid | serous |
| contains RBC fluid | sanguineous |
| contains WBC and bacteria fluid | purulent |
| infection resulting from delivery of health services in a health care facility | iatrogenic |
| a nosocomial infection that results from an outside exposure to client | exogenous |
| an infection that results from part of a pt's normal flora being altered and overgrowth results (example antibiotics) | endogenous |
| ___ are teh most common cause of communicable illnesses in young to middle-aged adults | viruses |
| clients who have surgery require an increased intake of ___ | protein |
| normal WBC count | 5000-10000 |
| increases WBC indicates ___ | acute infection |
| decreased WBC indicates ____ | certain viral or overwhelming infections |
| normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate) | up to 15mm/hr for men and 20mm/hr for women |
| increased sed rate indicates ___ | inflammatory process |
| normal iron level | 60-90g/100ml |
| decreased iron level indicates __ | chronic infection |
| what is the normal outcome of a culture and gram stain of a wound, sputum, and throat? | no WBC and gram stain, possiblr normal flora |
| on a culture and gram stain, what indicates infecction? | presence of infectious microorganism growth and WBC on gram stain |
| what percentage of WBC should neutophils be? | 55-70 |
| what percentage of WBC should lymphocytes be? | 20-40 |
| what percentage of WBC should monocytes be? | 5-10 |
| what percentage of WBC should eosinophils be? | 1-4 |
| what percentage of WBC should basophils be? | 0.5-1.5 |
| increase in neutrophils indicates __ | acute suppurative (pus forming) infection |
| decrease in neutrophils indicates ___ | overwhelming bacterial infection (older adult) |
| increase in lymphocytes indicates ___ | chronic bacterial and viral infection |
| decrease in lymphocytes indicates ___ | sepsis |
| increase in monocytes indicates ___ | protozoan, rickettsial, and TB infections |
| increase in eosinophils indicates __ | parasitic infection |
| basophils present are ___ in an infection | normal |
| WBC < 5000 indicates ___ | impaired immunity |
| a defining characteristic of infection is the CD4 cells being __ | low |
| the absence of patogenic microorganisms | aseptic |
| medical asepsis is __ | clean technique |
| primary source of infection transmission in the health care setting | health care workers contaminated hands |
| process that eliminates many or all microorganisma with the exception of bacerial spores from inanimate objects | disinfection |
| alchols, chlorines, glutaraldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and phenols are examples of __ | disinfectants |
| is the complete elimination of all mircoorganisms, including spores | sterilization |
| steam under pressure, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide plasma, and chemicals are examples of ___ | steilizing agents |
| never raise a drainage system above the level of the ____ | site being drained unless it is clamped off |
| 1st and most important tiered is __ | standard precautions |
| 2nd tiered is ___ | addresses isolation precautions, which are based on the mode of transmission of the disease |
| isolation precautions are termed ___, ___, ___, and ___ | airborne, droplet, contact, protective environment |
| are protein molecules released by bacteria to affect host cells at a distant site | toxins |
| are produced and released by certain bacteria into the surrounding environment | exotoxins |
| are produced in the cell walls of certain bacteria and released only with cell lysis | endotoxins |
| bacteria in the blood stream | bacteremia |
| completes the chain of infection | portal of exit |
| deliberate failure to take medication | nnoncompliance |
| accidential failure to take medication | nonadherence |
| health care worker must observe and validate client compliance with drug regimen | directly observed therapy |
| body tissue, phagocytosis, and inflammation are ___ defenses | nonspecific |
| immune system are ___ defenses | specific |
| a differential count usually shows a shift to the ___ during active infections | left....increased number of immature neutophils |
| ___ and ____ are the most common types of drugs used when infection is accompanied by hypertherma (fever) | antipyretics and antimicrobials |
| systemic sepsis | septicemia |
| insufficient cardiac output is compounded by hypovolemia; inadequate blood supply to vital organs leads to hypoxia and metabolic failure | septic shock or sepsis-induced distributive shock |
| what are the 5 types of leukocyte WBC? | neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils |
| malaria and mononucleosis are infections that are associated with ____ | neutropenia (<neutrophils) |
| measures the rate in which RBC fall through plasma | ESR (sed rate) |
| reinfection or a second infection | superinfection |
Created by:
TayBay15
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