Midterm
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| bones of the foot | 14 phalanges
5 metatarsals
7 tarsals
cuboid
navicular
calcaneus
talus
sesamoids
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| ankle mortise | aka talocrural joint
tibia
fibula
talus
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| pes planus | flat arch forcing foot into pronation
higher risk for eversion ankle sprains
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| pes cavus | high arch forcing foot into supination
higher risk for lateral ankle sprains
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| sublingual hematoma | accumulation of blood beneath the nail from direct contact
can require pressure relief if painful
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| pressure relief for sublingual hematoma | needle
drill
cauterizer
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| retrocalcaneal bursitis | pump bump
caused by friction over retrocalcaneal bursa causing inflammation and irritation
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| Morton's neuroma | irritation of surrounding nerve between the 3rd and 4th metatarsal caused by overuse or tight shoes
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| soft tissue involved in LATERAL ankle sprain | ATF, calcanealfibular, and PTF
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| shin splints | medial tibial stress syndrome
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| patella | largest sesamoid bone in the body
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| medial meniscus | attaches to capsule and MCL
C shaped
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| lateral meniscus | attaches to capsule and popliteus muscle
O shaped
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| meniscal blood supply | outer red red
middle red white
inner white white
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| ACL stands for | anterior cruciate ligament
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| ACL stabilizes | the tibia against internal rotation, and secondary restraint for valgus and verus forces
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| collateral ligaments of the knee | MCL (medial collateral ligament)
LCL (lateral collateral ligament)
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| MCL prevents against ______ forces | valgus
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| LCL prevents against ______ forces | verus
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| muscles of the quad | vastus lateralis
vastus intermedialis
vastus medialis
rectus femoris
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| muscles of the hamstring | semitendinosis
semimembranosus
bicep femoris
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| quad action | knee extension and hip flexion
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| hamstring action | knee flexion and hip extension
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| sartorius | longest muscle in the body
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| knocked knee | genu valgum
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| knocked knee prone to | medial knee pathology
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| bow legged | genu varum
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| bow legged prone to | lateral knee pathology
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| hyper extended knee | genu recurvatum
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| hyper extended knee prone to | anterior/posterior knee pathology
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| extra capsular swelling | localized over injury site
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| true leg length | ASIS to medial malleolus
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| apparent leg length | belly button to medial malleolus
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| predisposing factors for ACL sprain | gender
sport surface
muscle imbalance
hormones
Q angle
trochlear notch
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| ACL sprain special tests | anterior drawer
lachman's
pivot shift test
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| patella tendonitis (stage 1) | during activity
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| patella tendonitis (stage 2) | during and after activity
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| patella tendonitis (stage 3) | during and prolonged after activity
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| Q angle | angle created from ASIS through the middle of the patella to the tibial tuberosity
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| iliofemoral ligament | prevents hyperextension and external rotation of femur from ilium; strongest
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| muscles connecting femur to pelvis | gluteus minimus
piriformis
adductor magnus
adductor brevis
adductor longus
bicep femoris
semitendonosis
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| most common hip dislocation (very rare) | posterior dislocation
(flexion and adduction)
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| hip pointer | direct impact to iliac spine or iliac crest
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| avascular necrosis | degeneration of the femoral head caused by lack of blood supply
symptoms are pain, weakness, and loss of function
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| stop consecutive ultrasound treatment after _______ weeks and monitor for ______ weeks | 12-15
2
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| coupling medium | needed for ultrasound to transmit ultrasound
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| phonophoresis | the use of ultrasound to drive molecules of a drug or substance through the skin to underlying tissues
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| how does ultrasound work? (part 1) | an electrical current travels down and until it hits the sound head where there is a synthetic crystal. when it hits, the crystal deforms from cycles of compression (short and thick) to rarefaction (long and thin) resulting in ultrasonic waves.
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| how does ultrasound work? (part 2) | when the sound waves leave the crystal they initially run parallel. this is known as the Fresnel zone. when they split it is known as the fraunhofer zone. the waves hitting the molecules in the body causes causes them to vibrate and produce heat
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| usual frequency of ultrasound | 1 MHz and 3 MHz
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| frequency of ultrasound controls... | the frequency of the sound waves transmitted and the depth of sound wave penetration
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| 3 MHz ultrasound waves are used for... | superficial tissues
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| Electric stimulation levels of stimulation | subsensory
sensory
motor
noxious
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| with heat treatment, blood viscosity... | decreases
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| local effects of heat treatment (part 1) | vasodilation
increases in: cell metabolism
delivery of leukocytes
cell permeability
venus return, lymphatic drainage
elasticity of muscles, ligaments, capsules
analgesia, relaxation, nerve conduction
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| local effects of heat treatment (part 2) | edema formation
metabolic waste removal
increased nerve conduction
reduced joint stiffness
perspiration
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| trauma causes: (on the therapeutic modalities slide about cryotherapy physiological effects) | pain
inflammation
dysfunction
spasm
local ischemia
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| circulatory effects of cryotherapy | vasoconstriction followed by slight period of vasodilation (temp increase) known as hunting response.
thought to take place as body's defense against tissue death from too much cold.
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| reynaud's phenomenon | abnormal vasoconstriction in the extremities when exposed to cold or emotional stress
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| forces that produce mechanical injury | compression
tension
shearing
bending
torsion
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| acute | sudden and severe onset
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| chronic | develops and worsens over time
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| parts of muscle | muscle
tendon
fascia
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| muscle has the ability of... | contracting
conducting
elasticity
irritability
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| muscle strain | stretch, tear, or rip in the muscle or its tendon
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| muscle strain (grade 1) | some fibers stretched or torn
full range of motion
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| muscle strain (grade 2) | number of fibers torn
divits down
swelling
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| muscle strain (grade 3) | complete rupture
initial severe pain
lessons because nerves become separated
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| rehab length (grade 2 muscle strain) | 6-8 weeks
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| clonic muscle spasm | alternating periods of involuntary muscle contraction and relaxation in rapid succession
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| tonic muscle spasm | rigid muscle contraction that lasts for a period of time
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| muscle cramp | involuntary muscle contraction
most common in hamstring and calf
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| muscle guarding | involuntary muscle contraction in response to pain or injury
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| DOMS | delayed onset muscle soreness
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| DOMS caused by | small tears to muscle associated with eccentric and isometric muscle contraction or disruption of the connective tissues that hold the muscle tendon fibers together
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| DOMS settles in after ____ hours and is at its worst after ____ hours | 12
24-48
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| crepitus | crackling feeling or sound
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| myofascial trigger point | discrete hypersensitive bands of muscle or fascia
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| myofascial trigger point (latent) | discrete hypersensitive bands of muscle or fascia
full range of motion
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| myofascial trigger point (active) | discrete hypersensitive bands of muscle or fascia
cannot move
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| myositis ossifications | calcium deposits from repeated trauma
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| synovial fluid provides | SHOCK ABSORPTION, lubrication, and joint nutrition
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| ligament sprain (grade 1) | stretch with some ligament fiber separation
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| ligament sprain (grade 2) | tearing of some fibers with instability of the joint
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| ligament sprain (grade 3) | complete tearing of the ligament
initially painful, but lessens due to nerve disruption
needs surgery
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| subluxation | bone comes partially out and reduces immediately
(most common in shoulder and knee)
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| dislocation | bone in a joint is forced completely out of its normal and proper alignment
(common in shoulder, elbow, fingers)
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| do not attempt to reduce a dislocation because... | any dislocation could be a fracture
don't want to cause any neurovascular damage
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| inner bone is | compact
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| outer bone is | spongey
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| periostium | outside layer of the bone
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| epiphysis | ends of the bone
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| articular cartilage | hyaline cartilage
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| open fracture | overlaying skin is lacerated by protruding bone fragments
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| closed fracture | fracture does not penetrate the superficial surface
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| causes of stress fractures | returning to competition too soon
overtraining
changing events without proper prep
training too quickly
changing environment
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| stress fractures are not always... | seen on x-ray
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| hypoasthesia | decreased feeling
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| hyperasthesia | increased feeling
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| parathesia | numbness, tingling, prickling
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| neuritis | inflammation of a nerve
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| neuropraxia | interruption of the conduction down a nerve fiber
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| complete nerve division or nerve crushing may lead to | paraplegia or quadriplegia
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| bloodborne pathogen | a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease
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| bloodborne pathogens are present in: | blood
semen
vaginal secretions
csf
synovial fluid
any other fluid contaminated with blood
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| three most significant bloodborne pathogens | hepatitis B virus
hepatitis C virus
HIV
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| HBV can... | present with no symptoms
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| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) can go _____ years without symptoms | 8-10 years
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| MRSA stands for | methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
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| PPE stands for | personal protective equipment
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| bleach to water ratio | 1/4 cup of bleach to one gallon of water for normal decontamination
1.5 cups bleach to one gallon of water for severe contamination
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| contaminated materials should be disposed in... | red or orange containers or bags clearly marked biohazard
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| OSHA stands for | occupational safety and health administration
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| open wounds should be dressed using... | occlusive dressing
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| hunting response | vasoconstriction followed by slight period of vasodilation (temp increase)
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| Fresnel zone | when the sound waves leave the crystal in an ultrasound they initially run parallel
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| fraunhofer zone | when sound waves in an ultrasound split
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