01 Frequency
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| Hierarchy of Speech Acts | 1. Neural Signals
2.Muscular Contractions
3. Structural Movement(lips, jaw, tongue, velum, vocal folds)
4. Areodynamic Events (result of structural movement- friction sounds, building up & releasing of pressure)
5.Acoustic Consequences
6.Speech
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| In order to have sound, you must have | 1. Something put into vibration
2. Something to conduct (i.e., carry or transmit) the sound vibrations
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| In order to have vibration | Something with elastic properties must be put into motion
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| Elasticity | -the tendency for an object to return to its normal resting state.
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| Inertia | -the tendency for a body at rest to remain at rest, or a body in motion to remain in motion.
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| Conductors | -conduct sound well
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| Insulators | -don’t conduct sound well
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| How Sound is Conducted | Compressions & Rarefactions
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| Degree of max compression | 90°
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| Degree of max rarefaction | 270°
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| 2 tones are presented, with identical frequency and intensity. However, they are 180 degrees out of phase. What happens? | cancellation
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| 2 tones are presented, with identical frequency and intensity, and the exact phase relationship. What would happen? | A single tone with increased amplitude
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| Amplitude | -The maximum displacement during a cycle of vibration
-The point of maximum compression
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| Sound is conducted through a medium by | The traveling of the disturbance. Air particles do NOT move a great distance, just enough to disturb the next air particle and so forth.
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| Rarefraction | point of stretch
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| Trough | valley that's the point of maximum rarefaction
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| Amplitude | peaks are point of maximum compression
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| relationship pf amplitude/compression and intensity. | The greater the compression/amplitudue, the greater the intensity.
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| We perceive intensity as | loudness
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| Damping | The gradual decrease in the amplitude of vibration over time
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| Psychological perception of frequency | Pitch
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| Psychological perception of Intensity | Loudness
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| 3 Physical Properties of Sound | -Frequency (# of cycles, pitch) -- measured in Hertz (Hz)
-Intensity (height of wave, amplitude) -- measured in decibels (dB)
-Duration -- measured in milliseconds (ms)
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| Frequency is determined by what? | -The number of complete cycles occurring during one second.
-The more cycles that occur in 1 sec the higher the frequency and vice versa.
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| In order to have a perceptible pitch, a frequency that you can hear, there has to be... | -Repetition
-each cycle must occur and reoccur at the same rate
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| periodic wave | A sound wave that repeats itself at regular intervals
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| aperiodic wave | -A sound wave that is non-repetitive, has a different rate for each cycle
-No specific frequency can be assigned to
-it has no perceptible pitch
-it is random noise
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| If a tone has 1000 cycles in one second, how long does it take to complete one cycle? or what is it's period | -each cycle takes 1/1000 of a second
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| How long does it take to complete one cycle of a 250 Hz tone? or what is it's period | -1/250 of a second
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| period | -The length of time it takes for a tone to complete one cycle of vibration
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| tones with higher frequencies have what kind of periods. | shorter
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| How to Convert to milliseconds | pull decimal to right 3 places.
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| What is the period of a 1000 Hz tone? | =1/1000 sec
=0.001 sec
=1 ms
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| What is the period of a 2000 Hz tone | =1/2000
=0.0005 sec
=0.5 ms
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| What is the period of a 250 Hz tone? | =1/250 sec
=0.004 sec
=4ms
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| What is the period of a 500 Hz tone? | =1/500 sec
=0.002 sec
=2ms
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| What is the frequency of a tone that has a period of 50 ms? | decimal moves left 3 times
= 0.050 sec
= 1/0.05
= 20 Hz
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| What is the frequency of a tone that has a period of 5 ms? | 5 ms= .005 sec
1/.005= 200hz
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| What is the frequency of a tone that has a period of 20 ms? | =0.020 sec
=1/.02
=50 Hz
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| How to calculate frequency with a graph | -must know the time per divion
-count how many seconds it takes to complete 1 cycle
-Ex:2ms to complete one cycle
2ms= .002 sec
1/.002
=500 Hz (frequency)
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