Chapters 2, 3, & 4 Radiology
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Absorption | Total transfer of energy from x-rays photon to atoms of matter where the x-rays beam passes
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| Aluminum disc/filter | Usually .5 mm thick, placed in the path of the x-rays beam; filters out non penetrating longer wavelength x-rays
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| Ampere | Electrical; Way of measurement to describe number of electrons passing through conductor (electrical current strength)
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| Anode | Positive electrodes; consist of wafer thin tungsten plate embedded in solid copper rod
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| Atom | Smallest unit of an element; positively charged protons found in nucleus. Negatively charge electrons that orbit around the nucleus
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| Primary beam | Aka primary beam; penetrating beam
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| Binding energy | Attraction between positive nucleus and negative electrons that maintains electrons in their orbit
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| Cathode | Negative electrodes consist of tungsten filament held in a cup shaped holder made of molybdenum
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| Compton scatter | One of the interactions of x-radiation w/matter; the xray photon collides w/a loosely bound outer shell electron & gives up part of its energy to eject electron from orbit. X-ray photon loses energy & continues in a different direction at lower speed
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| Control panel | Part of the dental x-rays machine where power button and other settings are located
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| Electrons | Tiny negative charged particle found outside the nucleus in the atom
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| Electrostatic force | Same as Binding force
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| Energy | Happens when matter in altered
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| Element | Substances made up of only one atom
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| Insulating oil | Oil that surrounds the x-rays tube and transformers inside the tubehead
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| Ion | Electrically unbalanced particle; an atoms that loses or gains electron
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| Ionization | Converting atoms into ions; production of ions
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| Kilovoltage/kV | Overall quality of primary beam; Controls the level of penetration; Thick or dense - higher the KVp
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| Lead collimator | Lead diaphragm or tubular device used to restrict the size/shape of the x-rays beam
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| Long waves/soft waves | Low frequency, low energy
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| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass. Ex. desk, chair, computer, tissue, muscle, teeth bone and patient)
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| Milliamperage/mA | Depending on mA settings will depend on the quantity of x-rays produced; Regulates the temp in the cathode. mA settings - 7, 10 & 15
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| Molecule | Tiny invisible particle; formed be sharing electrons between the outer most shell of the atom and or transfer of electrons
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| Molybdenum cup | Focuses the electrons into a narrow beam ands directs the beam across the tube towards the tungsten target of the anode
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| Neutron | Subatomic particles and has no charge
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| Orbit/shell | Well defined path where electrons travel around the nucleus
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| Photon | Electrically neutral or uncharged particle
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| PID | Positioning Indicator Deceive; long round tube like portion of tube head where bean comes out
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| Port | Inside corner of the tube head at base of PID
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| Proton | Subatomic particles & positively charged
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| Scatter radiation | A type of secondary radiation; deflected off path and travels to all parts of the body.
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| Secondary radiation | Happens when primary bean hits matter (soft tissue, head ,skull, teeth) less penetrating power
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| Short wave/hard waves | High frequency, high energy
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| Thermionic emission | Release of electrons from the tungsten filament the electrical current passes thru and heats up the filament
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| Tungsten filament | Portion of the cathode in x-rays tube; coiled wire of tungsten that produces electrons when heated
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| Tungsten target | Portion of anodes in x-rays tube; serves as focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into x-rays photons
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| Wavelength | Distance between crest of one wave to the next one determines the energy and penetrating power of the of the radiation
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| Contrast | How sharply dark and or light areas are differentiated on the image
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| Density | Overall darkness or blackness of an image
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| Exposure time | Intervals of time xrays are produced-measured in impulses; Longer time - darker film/Less time - lighter film
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| Impulse | A measure of exposure time
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| Intensity | Total energy of a rays bean
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| Gray units | Unit of measuring absorbed dose;
1 gray = 100 rad
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| Cell | Basic structural unit of living organisms
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| Attenuation |
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| Critical organs | Thyroid gland, Bone marrow, Skin, Eyes
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| Cumulative effects | Additive affects of repeated radiation exposure
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| Dose rate | Rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and absorption takes place
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| Total dose | Total quantity of radiation received; or total amount absorbed
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| Exposure factors | Factors that influence the density of a radiography (millamperage, kilovoltage, exposure time)
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| Filmspeed | How fast the film captures the image. Using F-speed instead of D would reduce radiation by 60% Using F compared to E would reduce radiation 20%
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| Technique | The way the x-rays are taken; the technique used. (long cone paralleling)
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| Kinetic energy | Energy in motion
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| Genetic energy | Radiation induced mutations affect the health of the off-spring; Genetic damage can not be repaired
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| Genetic cells | Cells that are reproductive cells and are passed to future generations.
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| Somatic cells | All cell except reproductive cells
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| Somatic effects | Affects of radiation exposure include the induction of cancer, leukemia and cataracts; these are not transmitted to future generations
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| Latent period | The time that elapsed between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of visible signs (sitting in the sun - hr later skin is red)
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| Long-term effects | Appear in yrs, decades or generations; associated with small amounts of absorbed repeatedly over a long period time
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| Short-term effects | Associated with large amounts of radiation absorbed in short time; Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss & hemorrhaging
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| Mitotic activity | Division of cells; determines the response of a cell to radiation exposure. Frequently divided cells are more sensitive to radiation
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| Radio-sensitive | Lymphoid tissue, Blood forming tissue, reproductive cells, formative cells, embryo cells
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| Radio-resistant | Salivary glands, kidneys, liver, cells of mature bones, muscles, nerves
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| Roentgen | Measurement of radiation
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| REM | Me = 5yr or .1 per weekly
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| RAD | Patient; .1 per yr
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| MPD | Maximum Permissible Dose
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| Long |
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