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DA 160
Chapters 2, 3, & 4 Radiology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | Total transfer of energy from x-rays photon to atoms of matter where the x-rays beam passes |
| Aluminum disc/filter | Usually .5 mm thick, placed in the path of the x-rays beam; filters out non penetrating longer wavelength x-rays |
| Ampere | Electrical; Way of measurement to describe number of electrons passing through conductor (electrical current strength) |
| Anode | Positive electrodes; consist of wafer thin tungsten plate embedded in solid copper rod |
| Atom | Smallest unit of an element; positively charged protons found in nucleus. Negatively charge electrons that orbit around the nucleus |
| Primary beam | Aka primary beam; penetrating beam |
| Binding energy | Attraction between positive nucleus and negative electrons that maintains electrons in their orbit |
| Cathode | Negative electrodes consist of tungsten filament held in a cup shaped holder made of molybdenum |
| Compton scatter | One of the interactions of x-radiation w/matter; the xray photon collides w/a loosely bound outer shell electron & gives up part of its energy to eject electron from orbit. X-ray photon loses energy & continues in a different direction at lower speed |
| Control panel | Part of the dental x-rays machine where power button and other settings are located |
| Electrons | Tiny negative charged particle found outside the nucleus in the atom |
| Electrostatic force | Same as Binding force |
| Energy | Happens when matter in altered |
| Element | Substances made up of only one atom |
| Insulating oil | Oil that surrounds the x-rays tube and transformers inside the tubehead |
| Ion | Electrically unbalanced particle; an atoms that loses or gains electron |
| Ionization | Converting atoms into ions; production of ions |
| Kilovoltage/kV | Overall quality of primary beam; Controls the level of penetration; Thick or dense - higher the KVp |
| Lead collimator | Lead diaphragm or tubular device used to restrict the size/shape of the x-rays beam |
| Long waves/soft waves | Low frequency, low energy |
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass. Ex. desk, chair, computer, tissue, muscle, teeth bone and patient) |
| Milliamperage/mA | Depending on mA settings will depend on the quantity of x-rays produced; Regulates the temp in the cathode. mA settings - 7, 10 & 15 |
| Molecule | Tiny invisible particle; formed be sharing electrons between the outer most shell of the atom and or transfer of electrons |
| Molybdenum cup | Focuses the electrons into a narrow beam ands directs the beam across the tube towards the tungsten target of the anode |
| Neutron | Subatomic particles and has no charge |
| Orbit/shell | Well defined path where electrons travel around the nucleus |
| Photon | Electrically neutral or uncharged particle |
| PID | Positioning Indicator Deceive; long round tube like portion of tube head where bean comes out |
| Port | Inside corner of the tube head at base of PID |
| Proton | Subatomic particles & positively charged |
| Scatter radiation | A type of secondary radiation; deflected off path and travels to all parts of the body. |
| Secondary radiation | Happens when primary bean hits matter (soft tissue, head ,skull, teeth) less penetrating power |
| Short wave/hard waves | High frequency, high energy |
| Thermionic emission | Release of electrons from the tungsten filament the electrical current passes thru and heats up the filament |
| Tungsten filament | Portion of the cathode in x-rays tube; coiled wire of tungsten that produces electrons when heated |
| Tungsten target | Portion of anodes in x-rays tube; serves as focal spot and converts bombarding electrons into x-rays photons |
| Wavelength | Distance between crest of one wave to the next one determines the energy and penetrating power of the of the radiation |
| Contrast | How sharply dark and or light areas are differentiated on the image |
| Density | Overall darkness or blackness of an image |
| Exposure time | Intervals of time xrays are produced-measured in impulses; Longer time - darker film/Less time - lighter film |
| Impulse | A measure of exposure time |
| Intensity | Total energy of a rays bean |
| Gray units | Unit of measuring absorbed dose; 1 gray = 100 rad |
| Cell | Basic structural unit of living organisms |
| Attenuation | |
| Critical organs | Thyroid gland, Bone marrow, Skin, Eyes |
| Cumulative effects | Additive affects of repeated radiation exposure |
| Dose rate | Rate at which exposure to radiation occurs and absorption takes place |
| Total dose | Total quantity of radiation received; or total amount absorbed |
| Exposure factors | Factors that influence the density of a radiography (millamperage, kilovoltage, exposure time) |
| Filmspeed | How fast the film captures the image. Using F-speed instead of D would reduce radiation by 60% Using F compared to E would reduce radiation 20% |
| Technique | The way the x-rays are taken; the technique used. (long cone paralleling) |
| Kinetic energy | Energy in motion |
| Genetic energy | Radiation induced mutations affect the health of the off-spring; Genetic damage can not be repaired |
| Genetic cells | Cells that are reproductive cells and are passed to future generations. |
| Somatic cells | All cell except reproductive cells |
| Somatic effects | Affects of radiation exposure include the induction of cancer, leukemia and cataracts; these are not transmitted to future generations |
| Latent period | The time that elapsed between exposure to ionizing radiation and the appearance of visible signs (sitting in the sun - hr later skin is red) |
| Long-term effects | Appear in yrs, decades or generations; associated with small amounts of absorbed repeatedly over a long period time |
| Short-term effects | Associated with large amounts of radiation absorbed in short time; Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss & hemorrhaging |
| Mitotic activity | Division of cells; determines the response of a cell to radiation exposure. Frequently divided cells are more sensitive to radiation |
| Radio-sensitive | Lymphoid tissue, Blood forming tissue, reproductive cells, formative cells, embryo cells |
| Radio-resistant | Salivary glands, kidneys, liver, cells of mature bones, muscles, nerves |
| Roentgen | Measurement of radiation |
| REM | Me = 5yr or .1 per weekly |
| RAD | Patient; .1 per yr |
| MPD | Maximum Permissible Dose |
| Long |
Created by:
cadengel
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