Pathophysiology
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| show | Blood
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| show | The blood vessels
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| show | Liquid component: plasma. Cellular component: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes.
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| show | Carries antibodies and nutrients to tissues and carries waste away.
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| show | Erythrocytes
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| This blood component has WBCs that participate in the inflammatory and immune response. | show 🗑
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| show | Thrombocytes
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| Clear, straw-colored fluid that consists mainly of proteins, globulin, and fibrinogen. | show 🗑
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| Characteristics of plasma. | show 🗑
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| show | The pressure exerted on a differentially permeable membrane separating a solution from a solvent, the membrane being impermeable to the solutes in the solution and permeable only to the solvent.
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| show | The ability or inability of a fluid solution to flow easily.
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| Other plasma components | show 🗑
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| show | Plasma components
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| What are the products of metabolism and where do they circulate? | show 🗑
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| Where are RBCs usually produced? | show 🗑
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| What do RBCs transport? | show 🗑
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| What is hemoglobin? | show 🗑
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| show | Tissue's demand for oxygen and the blood cells' ability to deliver it.
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| show | A lack of oxygen to the tissues.
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| What does hypoxia stimulate? | show 🗑
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| What % of EPO is produced by the kidney? | show 🗑
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| Where is the remainder of EPO produced? | show 🗑
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| What enhances EPO production? | show 🗑
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| show | 120 days (about 4 months).
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| What formation begins as a stem cell which develops into a RBC? | show 🗑
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| What does the development of RBCs require? | show 🗑
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| show | A component of hemoglobin and vital to the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity.
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| Where is iron found? | show 🗑
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| show | Poultry, eggs (egg yolk), dried beans, dried fruit, and salmon.
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| show | It may be transported to the bone marrow for hemoglobin synthesis or to tissues (muscle) for myoglobin synthesis.
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| show | Ferritin.
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| show | In specialized cells called reticuloendothelial cells (in liver most commonly).
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| show | Platelets
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| What are the platelet functions? | show 🗑
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| show | By becoming swollen, spiky, sticky, and secretory.
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| What substances provided by platelets accelerate blood clotting? | show 🗑
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| show | Platelets, plasma, and coagulation factors interact to control bleeding.
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| What do blood vessels do when tissue injury occurs? | show 🗑
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| show | Dyscrasia.
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| show | A blood disorder within the blood itself.
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| show | It results from a cause other than a defect in the blood (side effect of medication).
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| show | Anemia and Polycythemia
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| show | Too little RBCs. Decreased RBC production, increased RBC destruction. Results in blood loss.
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| What is polycythemia? | show 🗑
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| Name 2 WBC disorders. | show 🗑
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| show | Decreased number of neutrophils in the blood.
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| show | Decreased number of lymphocytes in the blood.
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| show | Thrombocytopenia, Thrombocytosis, and Thromboctopathy.
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| show | Too few platelets.
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| What is thrombocytosis? | show 🗑
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| What is thromboctopathy? | show 🗑
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| show | Iron-deficiency anemia.
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| How much iron can the body store before iron-deficiency anemia may be diagnosed? | show 🗑
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| A common disease that affects 10-30% of the adult population, but particularly premenopausal women, infants (esp. premature and low birth rate infants), children, and adolescents. | show 🗑
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| What is typically the cause of iron-deficiency anemia in children, adolescents, and pregnant women? | show 🗑
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| show | Inadequate intake of iron, vegetarian diet, low intake of fish, meat, poultry, and iron-fortified foods, frequent dieting, substance abuse, malabsorption, pregnancy, and blood loss secondary to GI bleeds.
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| show | When the supply of iron is too low for optimal RBC formation.
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| show | They are smaller (microcytic) and contain less color when seen under a microscope.
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| show | Generalized weakness or fatigue, inability to concentrate, dyspnea or exertion, pica (craving for nonnutritive substances), pallor, tachycardia, and increased cardiac output.
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| show | The patient may experience dry, brittle, ridged nails with frequent concave contours; smooth, sore, pale tongue; and angular chelosis (an ulceration of the corner of the mouth).
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| show | Bone marrow aspiration.
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| What happens after the iron stores are depleted? | show 🗑
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| What do diminished iron stores cause? | show 🗑
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| show | Iron-deficiency anemia.
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| What does the TIBC (total iron binding capactiy) measure? | show 🗑
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| show | Measuring the ferritin and hemoglobin levels. Know normal lab values.
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| show | TIBC increased, serum iron levels decreased, low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels, small (microcytic) RBCs, hypochromic (less color than normal).
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| Folic acid anemia. | show 🗑
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| What % of folic acid is taken in through diet but is excreted unabsorbed? | show 🗑
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| show | Less than 50mcg/day. Usually induces folic acid deficiency within 4 months, as the liver supplies are depleted.
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| show | In green vegetables and in the liver.
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| show | People who rarely eat uncooked vegetables and alcoholics.
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| Why is folic acid so easily destroyed? | show 🗑
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| What does folic acid deficiency inhibit? | show 🗑
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| show | Alcohol abuse, poor diet, pregnancy and breast feeding, and malignant or intestinal disease.
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| show | Weakness, progressive fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, forgetfulness, glossitis, heachache, irritability, and pallor.
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| show | Decreased production of HCL in the stomach acid. Also recognized as a deficiency of intinstic factor.
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| Intrinsic factor. | show 🗑
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| Anemia caued by malabsorption of vitamin B12. | show 🗑
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| show | Yes, because the disease involving the pancreas or ileum impairs absorption.
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| show | Prenicious anemia.
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| show | Cell growth, particularly RBCs, leading to produciton of few, deformed RBCs with poor oxygen-carrying capacity. It also causes neurologic damage by impairing myelin formation.
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| show | Strict vegetarians who do not consume any meat or dairy products.
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| show | Weakness on extremites, fatigue, peripheral numbness, disturbed positions sense, lack of coordination, altered vision, altered tase and smell, tinnitus, loss of bowel & bladder control, impotence in males, irritability, poor memory, headache.
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| GI signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. | show 🗑
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| show | Low hemoglobin, palpitations, and tachycardia.
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| Respiratory signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia. | show 🗑
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| Sickle cell anemia/disease | show 🗑
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| What happens when cells are exposed to low oxygen levels? | show 🗑
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| show | It takes time, so if the sickled cell is again exposed to adequate amounts of oxygen, before the membrane becomes too rigid, it can revert to a normal shape. Sickling crisis are intermittent.
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| In what race is sickle cell anemia most prevelant? | show 🗑
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| show | The carrier state of sickle cell.
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| What % of the erythrocyte is hemoglobin? | show 🗑
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| show | 2 abnormal genes. These children will only produce hemoglobin and therefore will have sickle cells anemia.
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| show | Range from chronic hemolysis to thrombosis, erythrocytes have a shortened life span, anemia is always present and Hgb is 7-10g/dL, jaundice, bone marrow expansion, and chronic anemia (tachycardia, cardiac murmurs, and enlarged heart).
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| Which organ(s) can be affected by thrombosis (an abnormal condition where a clot develops in the blood vessel)? | show 🗑
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| What are complications associated with sickle cell anemia? | show 🗑
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| Results from tissue hypoxia and necrosis due to inadequate blood flow to a specific region of tissue or organ. | show 🗑
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| Results from infection with the human parvovirus. | show 🗑
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| show | Sequestration crisis; most children by 10 years have a nonfunctioning spleen. The liver and lungs are affected in adults.
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