Animals
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| show | -Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs that ingest their food.
-Most animals, and only animals, have Hox genes that
regulate the development of body form
-Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique, defining characteristics of animals
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| Describe the stages of animal embryonic development. What is cleavage? Gastrulation? | show 🗑
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| What factors are hypothesized to have driven animal evolution and diversification in the Cambrian explosion? | show 🗑
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| show | Radial symmetry
• A body that can be divided in mirror- image halves by any plane through its central axis
Bilateral symmetry
• Only one plane can divide the animal into mirror-image halves
>Cephalization, the development of a head
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| show | -Ectoderm produces the covering of the animal
– Endoderm generates the digestive tract
– Mesoderm gives rise to the tissues in between
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| What is the difference between an acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate? What are some advantages of having a body cavity? | show 🗑
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| How does protostome development differ from deuterostome development? | show 🗑
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| show | Eumetazoa is a clade with true tissues.
Metazoa doesn't
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| Are the animals in the phylum diploblastic or triploblastic? | show 🗑
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| Do the animals have a body cavity? | show 🗑
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| What type of symmetry? | show 🗑
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| show | Each individual functions as both male and female (ex: earthworms)
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| What is parthenogenesis? | show 🗑
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| show | a uni-directional digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus (ex: rotifera and nematoda)
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| show | -made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin
-A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.
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| show |
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| show | -The notochord
-The dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
-Muscular, Post-Anal Tail
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| show | -craniates (brain)
-vertebrates (backbone)
-gnathistomes (jaws)
-osteocythans (lungs)
-lobe fins (fins)
-tetrapods (4 limbs)
-amniotes (amniotic eggs)
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| show | Four limbs and feet with digits
• Ears for detecting airborne sounds
EBMARM
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| show | -Amphibians are tetrapods that are terrestrial, but still largely rely on water to survive.
-Reptiles are amniotes are tetrapods with special adaptations that reduce dependence on water
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| What adaptations in birds allow for flight? | show 🗑
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| What are the three types of mammals and how do they differ? | show 🗑
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| show | -eutharians, tetrapods, chordates
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| show | -external heat is main source of body heat
-maintain body heat through metabolism
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| What are the benefit and costs of each? | show 🗑
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| show | Individually, an action carried out by muscles or glands undcr con- trol of the nervous system in response to a stimulus: collectively, the sum of an animal"s responses to external and internal stimuli.
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| What do proximate questions ask about animal behavior? | show 🗑
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| What do ultimate questions ask about animal behavior? | show 🗑
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| show | are sequences of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and when begun, are usually carried to cpmpletion.
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| What is the difference between taxis and kinesis? | show 🗑
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| What are behavioral rhythms? | show 🗑
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| What is the difference between a signal and communication? | show 🗑
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| show | Habitutation:is the loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey no new information.
Imprinting: also use their memory of landmarks to navigate
Spatial learning
Associative: is when an animal learns to associate one feature with another.
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| show | -since birth
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| show | -Two individualshaveanexclusivemating relationship for an extended period of time
-Any male and female will mate and no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships are formed.
-A single individual concurrently maintains relationships with multiple mates
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| What are the two types of polygamy? | show 🗑
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| show | -monogamist
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| show | -polygamist
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| show | -Marked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females
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| Which mating systems lead to the evolution of sexual dimorphism? | show 🗑
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| show | -Precocial young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching.
-Altricial young are relatively helpless at birth or hatching and require a long duration of parental care.
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| What is altruistic behavior? | show 🗑
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| show | -kin selection. Since an individual shares genes with close family members, natural selection could favor behaviors that enhance the reproductive success of relatives.
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| show | -has true tissues
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| Metazoa | show 🗑
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| Lophotrcochozoa | show 🗑
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| show | is a clade of Bilaterians that are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle. As these animals grow, the cuticle is molted through a process called ecdysis. The two major phyla in this clade are Nematoda and Arthropoda.
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| show | Echinoderms are in this clade with phylum Chordata. Echinoderms are triploblastic, coelomate and possess bilateral symmetry in their larval stage and fivefold symmetry in their adult stage.
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| show | (sponges)
# tissue layers:None
Body Cavity:None
Development:N/A
Symmetry: None
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| Cnidaria | show 🗑
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| show | (flatworms)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:none
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral
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| Rotifera | show 🗑
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| show | (bryozoans)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Dueterostrome
Symmetry: Bilateral
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| Brachiopoda | show 🗑
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| Mollusca - Polyplacophora - Gastropoda - Bivalvia - Cephalopoda | show 🗑
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| show | (earthworm, leeches)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral
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| Nematoda | show 🗑
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| Arthropoda - Chelicerata - Hexapoda - Crustacea - Myriapoda | show 🗑
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| show | (sea stars, urchins)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Dueterostrome
Symmetry: Bilateral
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| Chordata | show 🗑
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| show | (brain)
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| show | (backbone)
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| show | (jaws)
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| Osteichyans | show 🗑
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| show | (lobe fins)
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| Tetrapods | show 🗑
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| Amniotes | show 🗑
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