| Question | Answer |
| What traits make animals different than the organisms you’ve learned previously in class (bacteria, archaea, plants and protists)? | -Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs that ingest their food.
-Most animals, and only animals, have Hox genes that
regulate the development of body form
-Nervous tissue and muscle tissue are unique, defining characteristics of animals |
| Describe the stages of animal embryonic development. What is cleavage? Gastrulation? | -Cleavage – mitotic cell divisions.
-Gastrulation – process in which one end of the embryo folds inward, producing layers of embryonic tissues.
Zygote-> Eight-cell stage ->Blastula -> Gastrulation |
| What factors are hypothesized to have driven animal evolution and diversification in the Cambrian explosion? | New predator-prey relationships
• Predators: New modes of locomotion
• Prey: New methods of defense (e.g. shells)
– A rise in atmospheric oxygen
– The evolution of the Hox gene complex |
| Be able to tell the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry. What is cephalization and with which type of body symmetry is it associated? | Radial symmetry
• A body that can be divided in mirror- image halves by any plane through its central axis
Bilateral symmetry
• Only one plane can divide the animal into mirror-image halves
>Cephalization, the development of a head |
| Name the three germ layers. If you were dissecting a developing embryo from outside to the inside, in what order would you come across the three germ layers. Which germ layers does a diploblastic animal have? Triploblastic? | -Ectoderm produces the covering of the animal
– Endoderm generates the digestive tract
– Mesoderm gives rise to the tissues in between |
| What is the difference between an acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate? What are some advantages of having a body cavity? | Acoelomate: Triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity
Pseudocoelomates: body cavity because it is not completely lined by mesoderm
Coelomates: animals that possess a true coelom (body cavity) completely surrounded by mesoderm tissue |
| How does protostome development differ from deuterostome development? | In protostome development, cleavage is spiral and determinate (examples: molluscs, annelids)
In deuterostome development, cleavage is radial and
indeterminate(examples: echinoderms, chordates) |
| What is the difference between the clade Metazoa and the clade Eumetazoa? | Eumetazoa is a clade with true tissues.
Metazoa doesn't |
| Are the animals in the phylum diploblastic or triploblastic? | |
| Do the animals have a body cavity? | |
| What type of symmetry? | |
| What are characteristics or structures unique to the phylum? | |
| What is a hermaphrodite? | Each individual functions as both male and female (ex: earthworms) |
| What is parthenogenesis? | females produce offspring from unfertilized eggs |
| What is an alimentary canal? | a uni-directional digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus (ex: rotifera and nematoda) |
| What is an exoskeleton? | -made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin
-A hard encasement on the surface of an animal, such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod, that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles. |
| How are these adaptations? | |
| What are the 4 main characteristics shared by all chordates? | -The notochord
-The dorsal, hollow nerve cord
-Pharyngeal Slits or Clefts
-Muscular, Post-Anal Tail |
| What are the major clades of the phylum Chordata and what derived characteristics define each? | -craniates (brain)
-vertebrates (backbone)
-gnathistomes (jaws)
-osteocythans (lungs)
-lobe fins (fins)
-tetrapods (4 limbs)
-amniotes (amniotic eggs) |
| What are the major groups of tetrapods, and what are their defining characteristics? | Four limbs and feet with digits
• Ears for detecting airborne sounds
EBMARM |
| How are amphibians and reptiles different? | -Amphibians are tetrapods that are terrestrial, but still largely rely on water to survive.
-Reptiles are amniotes are tetrapods with special adaptations that reduce dependence on water |
| What adaptations in birds allow for flight? | -wings
-feathers
-keel on sternum |
| What are the three types of mammals and how do they differ? | Monotremes are egg-laying mammals
– Marsupials are mammals where young are born very early in embryonic development. Development is completed while nursing in a pouch.
– Eutherians are placental mammals. |
| What clades do humans belong to? | -eutharians, tetrapods, chordates |
| What ectothermy and endothermy? | -external heat is main source of body heat
-maintain body heat through metabolism |
| What are the benefit and costs of each? | -risky biz
-need a lot of energy |
| What is behavior? | Individually, an action carried out by muscles or glands undcr con- trol of the nervous system in response to a stimulus: collectively, the sum of an animal"s responses to external and internal stimuli. |
| What do proximate questions ask about animal behavior? | (how) questions address the mechanisms that produce a behavior |
| What do ultimate questions ask about animal behavior? | (why) questions address the evolutionary significance of a behavior |
| What is a fixed action pattern? | are sequences of unlearned acts that are unchangeable and when begun, are usually carried to cpmpletion. |
| What is the difference between taxis and kinesis? | -Kinesis is a change in the rate of a movement or turning and is not directional
-Taxis is a movement towards or away from a stimulus. |
| What are behavioral rhythms? | Animals may exhibit behaviors on a regular rhythm.
-Circadian rhythms are daily cycles of activity
-Circannual rhythms are yearly cycles |
| What is the difference between a signal and communication? | -signal is a one way stimulus transmitted from one individual to another.
-Communication is a series of transmission and reception of signals (two-way |
| What are different types of learning? | Habitutation:is the loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey no new information.
Imprinting: also use their memory of landmarks to navigate
Spatial learning
Associative: is when an animal learns to associate one feature with another. |
| What is innate behavior? | -since birth |
| What is the difference between monogamy, promiscuity, and polygamy? | -Two individualshaveanexclusivemating relationship for an extended period of time
-Any male and female will mate and no strong pair bonds or lasting relationships are formed.
-A single individual concurrently maintains relationships with multiple mates |
| What are the two types of polygamy? | One male mating with multiple females is called polygyny, while one female mating with multiple males is called polyandry. |
| What are the costs and benefits of each mating system? | |
| What mating systems do most birds exhibit? | -monogamist |
| Which mating system do most mammals exhibit? | -polygamist |
| What is sexual dimorphism? | -Marked differences between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females |
| Which mating systems lead to the evolution of sexual dimorphism? | Polygamous species often evolve sexual dimorphism, where the male and female differ in size and decoration. Monogamous species do not exhibit extreme sexual dimorphism. |
| What is the difference between precocial young and altricial young? | -Precocial young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching.
-Altricial young are relatively helpless at birth or hatching and require a long duration of parental care. |
| What is altruistic behavior? | -is behavior that reduces the individual’s fitness, but increases the fitness of other individuals in the population. |
| How could altruistic behavior evolve? | -kin selection. Since an individual shares genes with close family members, natural selection could favor behaviors that enhance the reproductive success of relatives. |
| Eumetazoa | -has true tissues |
| Metazoa | -does not have true tissues |
| Lophotrcochozoa | -a clade with the widest range of animal body forms
locophore: a fan of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth |
| Ecdysozoa | is a clade of Bilaterians that are covered by a tough coat called a cuticle. As these animals grow, the cuticle is molted through a process called ecdysis. The two major phyla in this clade are Nematoda and Arthropoda. |
| Deuterostomia | Echinoderms are in this clade with phylum Chordata. Echinoderms are triploblastic, coelomate and possess bilateral symmetry in their larval stage and fivefold symmetry in their adult stage. |
| Porifera | (sponges)
# tissue layers:None
Body Cavity:None
Development:N/A
Symmetry: None |
| Cnidaria | (jellyfish, coral)
# tissue layers:2
Body Cavity:None
Development:N/A
Symmetry: Radial |
| Platyhelminthes | (flatworms)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:none
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Rotifera | (Rotifers)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Psuedocoelom
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Ectoprocta | (bryozoans)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Dueterostrome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Brachiopoda | |
| Mollusca
- Polyplacophora - Gastropoda
- Bivalvia
- Cephalopoda | (clams, octopuses, snails)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Annelida | (earthworm, leeches)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Nematoda | (roundworms)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Pseudocoelom
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Arthropoda
- Chelicerata - Hexapoda - Crustacea - Myriapoda | (insect, spider, crustacean)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Protosome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Echinodermata | (sea stars, urchins)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Dueterostrome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Chordata | (vertebrates, salps)
# tissue layers:3
Body Cavity:Coelom
Development:Dueterostome
Symmetry: Bilateral |
| Craniates | (brain) |
| Vertebrates | (backbone) |
| Gnathostomes | (jaws) |
| Osteichyans | (lungs) |
| Lobe-fins | (lobe fins) |
| Tetrapods | (four legs) |
| Amniotes | (eggs) |
| Amphibia | |
| Reptiles | |
| Birds | |
| Mammals | |
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