Chapter 9 Vocab
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| Classical Conditioning | A learning procedure in which associations are made between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
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| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of an unconditioned response.
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (US) | An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training.
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| Unconditioned Response (UR) | An organisms automatic (or natural) response to a stimulus.
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | A once neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with (occurred just before) an unconditioned stimulus.
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| Conditioned Response (CR) | The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus.
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| Generalization | Responding similary to a range of similar stimuli.
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| Discrimination | The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli.
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| Extinction | The gradual dis appearance of an unconditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
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| Operant Conditioning | Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corressponding increases or decreases in occurrence.
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| Reinforcement | Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated.
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| Primary Reinforcer | Stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer.
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| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained.
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| Variable- Ratio Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained.
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| Fixed-Interval Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement.
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| Variable-Interval Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts of time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement.
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| Shaping | Technique in which the desired behavior is "molded" by first reward is any act similar to that behavior and then regarding even closer approximation to the desired behavior reward.
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| Response Chain | Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next.
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| Aversive Control | Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli.
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| Negavtive Reinforcement | Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs.
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| Escape Conditioninng | Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus.
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| Aviodance Conditioning | Training of an organism to respond so as to prevent the occurence of an unpleasant stimulus.
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| Social Learning | Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
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| Cognitive Learning | Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation.
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| Cognitive Map | A mental picture of spatial relationships or relationships between events.
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| Latent Learning | Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an imediate, bservable change in behavior.
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| Learned Helplessness | Conditioned in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable
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| Modeling | Learning by imitating others; copying behavior
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| Behavior Modification | Systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and feelings.
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| Token Economy | Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards.
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