Exam 3
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| MacConkey | selective for gram negative organism
differential based on fermentation of lactose
pink=lactose fermenter (E.coli)
clear=non-lactose fermenter (P.aeruginosa)
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| BAP (blood agar plate)5% sheep blood | supportive media for most organisms except fstidious
differential based on type of hemolysis
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| Beta Hemolysis | clear = complete hemolysis
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| Alpha hemolysis | partial clearing, greenish zone
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| Gamma Hemolysis | no hemolysis no clearing
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| EMB Eosin Methylene Blue | selective for gram negative organisms
differential based on lactose fermentation
metallic green= lactose fermenter
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| Mannitol Salt Agar | Selective for halophilic
differential based on mannitol fermentation
yellow= mannitol ferementation
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| Staph aureus avoid host defenses by | hiding their antigens
kill phagocytes
resistance to antibiotics
release toxin
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| S. aureus produce this protein to increase virulence | Protein A
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| Skin and wound infections caused by S. aureus | Folliculitis
Impetigo
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| Extensions of folliculitis | Furuncles
Carbuncles
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| Toxin mediated syndromes of S. aureus | toxic shock syndrome
scalded skin syndrome
food poisoning
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| Leads to endocarditis in IV drug users | Staphlococcal bacteremial= blood infection
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| Common post-operative infection and important nosocomial agent | S.aureus
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| most common Staphylococcus coagulase negative | S.epidermidis
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| Step 1 for isolation and identification | Direct smear from specimen
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| Step 2 for isolation and identification | Streaking culture plates
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| Step 3 for isolation and identification | Colonies Gram stained
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| Step 4 for isolation and identification | isolated bacteria are speciated
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| Step 5 for isolation and identifiction | antibiotic susceptibility testing
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| Stapylococcus and Micrococcus are gram... | positive cocci
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| Staphylococcus and Micrococcus grow on what type of media | BAP
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| Staphylococcus and Micrococcus incubate in... | 35 degrees C in CO2 or ambient air
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| Colony appearance of S. aureus | B-hemolyic, creamy
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| Colony appearance of Micrococcus | Yellow pigment
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| Colony appearance of S.epidermidis | flat, white
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| Presumptive ID of An organism that is Gram Positive Catalase- Positive Coagulase- positive | S.auerus
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| One enzyme that can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide back to water and oxygen | catalase
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| What you will see in a positive catalase test | bubbles
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| If bacteria in question produce catalase they will convert the hydrogen peroxide and what will be evolved? | oxygen gas
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| What is the most significant way to identify gram positive cocci? | catalase test
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| If catalase test is positive what is the next test that you do? | coagulase
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| coagulase on the surface of the bacterial cell directly converts fibrinogen to what? | fibrin
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| the precipitation of fibrin onto the cell surface causes what? | agglutination
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| any negative coagulase slide test can be confirmed with what test? | the tube method which detects free coagulase
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| staphylocoagulase is an extracellular molecule that causes what to form? and when? | a clot to form when cells are incubated with serum
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| Staph coagulase negative are positve or negative on the modified oxidase test? | Negative
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| Micrococcus are positve or negative on the modified oxidase test? | positive
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| Staph coag. negative are susceptible or resistant to bacitracin? | Resistant
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| Micrococcus are susceptible or resistant to bacitracin? | Susceptible
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| S. saprophyticus are susceptible or resistant to novobiocin? | Resistant
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| When is S. saprophyticus usually found? | urine cultures
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| Oxidase test is used for Gram positive cocci or gram negative rods? | Gram negative rods
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| The presence of cytochrome oxidase can be detected when colonies are exposed to what? | methylphenylenediamine (an electron donor to cytochrome enzyme)
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| The bacteria does what to the disk or reagent of the oxidase test? | oxidizes it. (removes electrons)
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| A positive oxidase test will change to what color? | Purple or blue
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| Bacitracin "A" disk contains how much bacitracin? | 0.04 units
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| Bacitracin is an antibiotic that was originally isolated from? | Bacillus species organism
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| Bacitracin belong to a class of antibiotic that do what to the cell? | Inhibit cell wall synthsis
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| How long does a plate with bacitracin "A" disc on it have to be incubated for and at what temp? | overnight at 35-37 degrees C
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| what size zone around the bacitracin disk indicates susceptibility? | ANY clear zone
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| Novobiocin is used for? | coag negative Staphylococci in a urine specimen
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| What size does the zone have to be around Novobiocin to indicate resistance? | a zone of less than 16mm is resistant
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| In addition to Gram stain, catalase, and coagulase what other tests can be done to identify S. aureus? | Mannitol Plate, DNAse enzyme test, VP test, and Rapid kit testing
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| Mannitol salt agar is selective for? | Halophilic organisms
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| Mannitol salt agar is differential for? | mannitol fermenters
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| DNAse agar has what on it? | DNA
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| DNAse is what kind of enzyme? what does it do? | exoenzyme. it will break down DNA into smaller molecules
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| Around the area of growth what will you see on a DNAse Agar? | A clear zone
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| What will the rest of the DNAse agar look like when there is growth? | Opaque white
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| what can be added to the DNAse plate to better indicate a zone? | methyl green
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| VP Voges-Prosakuer test detects organisms that utilize what? | butylene glycol pathway
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| The reagents for a VP test are? | Barritt's A (alpha-napthol) and Barritta's B (potassium hydroxide)
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| The presence of what gives a positive VP test? | acetoin
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| What color is a positive VP test? | RED
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| Columbia CNA with sheep blood supress the growth of what type of organisms? | Gram negative
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| PEA- Phenylethyl Alcohol Agar inhibit growth of what type of organisms? | Gram negative
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| General Characteristics of Sterptococcus and Enterococcus | -Gram positive cocci
-catalase negative
-facultative anaeobes
-some are capnophilic
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| Streptococci tend to be more what when compared to other cocci? | Elongated
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| Chaining tends to occur more when? | Isolate is from broth media
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| Lansfield classification does what? | grouping of cell wall carbohydrates to classify Streptococci
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| S. pyogenes is Group? | A
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| S. agalactiae is Group? | B
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| S. equi is Group? | C
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| S. bovis and Enterococcus is Group? | D
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| What has S. bovis been renamed to? | S. gallolyticus
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| Major Strep pathogens that are Beta hemolytic? | S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae
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| Major Strep pathogens that are Alpha hemolytic? | S. pneumoniae and Viridans Streptococci
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| Major Enterococcus pathogens that are Gamma hemolytic? | E. faecium
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| What pathogen can show as either alpha or beta hemolytic? | E. faecalis
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| Many organisms of the Strep and Enterococci group are found as normal flora. Especially where in the body? | Respiratory tract
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| What is the "big bad bug" of the Strep group? | S. pyogenes
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| What protein causes Strep cell to resist phagocytosis and plays a role in adherence to mucosal cells? | M protein
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| What do Strep cells have that allow them to mask their antigens? | Capsules
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| What do Streps contain that can cause scarlet fever? | Streptococcal pyogenic exotoxins
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| What is S. pyogenes most known for causing? | Strep throat
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| When does necrotizing fasciitis usually occur? | In patients with underlying illness that experience trauma to the skin.
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| Necrotizing fasciitis is also known as what? | Flesh eating bacteria
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| Scarlet fever is characterized by what? | rash and "strawberry tongue"
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| Streptococcal Toxic shock syndrome is caused by what? | virulent strains of exotoxin producing streptococcus
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| Rheumatic fever is a complication that is usually followed by what? | S. pyogenes pharyngitis
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| Rheumatic fever is characterized by? | inflammation of the heart, joints, blood vessels, and subcutaneous tissue
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| What happens with Rheumatic fever that causes damage to the heart? | Antibodies produced to fight Strep infections cross react and begin to attack the heart tissue
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| Poststreptoccal ________ causes damage to the kidneys. | Glomerulonephritis
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| S. agalactiae is usually associated with what in humans? | neonates
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| When during the birthing process can S. agalactaiae be acquired? | before and during
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| What precentage of pregnant women is colonization of S. agalactiae found? | 10-30%
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| What drug is S. agalactiae usually treated with? | Penicillin
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| What is the primary pathogen of the alpha hemolytic group? | S. pneumoniae
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| When does S. pneumoniae become pathogenic? | When it gains access to the lungs by aspiration
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| When S. pneumoniae gains access to the lungs it becomes what? | bacterial pneumoniae
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| S. pneumonia can become pathogenic when it gains access to the blood or meninges and causes? | Bacterial meningitis
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| Otitis media and sinusitis are caused by? | S. pneumoniae
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| The term viridans means what? | green
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| Some species in the viridans group include? | S. intermedius, S. sanguis, S. mitis, S. mutans, and S. salivarius
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| Group D viridans include? | S. gallolyticus, and S. infantarius
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| S. gallolyticus is found in? | endocarditis and association with colon cancer
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| S. infantarius is associated with what? | neonatal meningitis
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| What is the virulence of Enterococci? | Able to grow in extreme condititons
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| Enterococci can grow in a high concentration of what? | Salt
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| The presence of what enzyme in Enetococci help it to adhere to heart valves and renal epithelial cells? | Gelantinase
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| What two species of Enterococci are usually identified? | E. faecalis and E. faecium
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| What are the most common infections associated with Enterococci? | UTI
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| Two rare Streptococcal like organisms | Gemalla and Pediococcus
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| Lim broth is also known as what? | Todd-Hewitt
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| Lim broth is most commonly used for what? | to support the growth of S. agalactiae and diminish growth of normal vaginal flora
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| What Strep is susceptible to Bacitracin? | S. pyogenes
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| If bacitracin is resistant what other tests can be done? | CAMP test and Hippurate Hydrolysis
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| Positive CAMP test results in what? | an arrow shaped area of beta hemolysis
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| What color indicates a positve Hippurate Hydrolysis test? | Purple
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| What is the reagent is Hippurate Hydrolysis that gives the color change? | Ninhydrin
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| Optichin disc test is used when determining what type of hemolytic Streptococci? | Alpha hemolytic
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| What Strep is sensitive to Optichin? | S. pneumoniae
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| A zone of how many mm indicate S. pneumoniae on an otichin disk test? | >14mm
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| No zone on an optichin disk test indicate what? | Viridans Streptococci or Enterococcus
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| Bile solubility test distinguish between S. pneumoniae from other alpha hemolytic Strep |
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| The quelling reaction consists of what? | Mixing a loopful of colony with equal quantity of specimen antiserum and examining microscopically at 1000X for capsular swelling
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| What tests can be done for Enterococcus identification? | Bile esculin, PYR, 6.5% NaCl
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| What result will Viridans Streptococcus give on Bile Esculin and Otptichin? | Negative
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| What does bile esculin test? | the ability of an oranism to hydrolyze glucoside esculin
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| Bile esculin contains what? | bile salt
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| Bile esculin inhibits most____ type organisms | Gram positive
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| If a bile esculin test is positive what color will be seen? | Black
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| Turbidity indicates what result in 6.5% NaCl? | positive
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| The PYR test is what kind of procedure? | qualitative
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| What plus what equals a positive PYR test? | amine + aldehyde
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| What percent of Group A Strep. hydrolyze PYR? | 98%
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| What percent of Enetococci hydrolyze PYR? | 96%
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