FSHN 350- Unit 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| how many pounds of sugar to Americans consume per year? | 130
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| photosynthesis | 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
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| two categories of CHO | simple and complex
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| three monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose
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| two types of complex carbohydrates | oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
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| how many monosaccharides on oligosaccharides? | 3-10
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| three types of polysaccharides | starch, glycogen, fiber
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| homopolysaccharide | composed of only 1 type of monosaccharide
*most foods
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| heteropolysaccharide | composed of >1 type of monosaccharide
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| amylose vs amylopectin | amylose straight chain (1-4 bonds only)
amylopectin branched (some 1-6 bonds)
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| glycogen | primary CHO storage; highly branched
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| dietary fiber | found naturally in plants
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| functional fiber | can be manufactured for derived from plants
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| soluble fiber | fermentable by intestinal bacteria
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| insoluble fiber | cannot be fermented by bacteria
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| lactose | glucose + galactose
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| sucrose | fructose + glucose
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| maltose | glucose + glucose
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| CHO digestion in stomach | none
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| amylose small intestine digestion | pancreatic amylase turns it into maltose
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| diagnosis of lactose intolerance | hydrogen breath test, stool acidity test (excess H as byproduct of intestinal bacteria)
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| what happens when SGLT 1 is overloaded | GLUT-2 can pass glucose and galactose into the enterocyte
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| Glucose-Galatose malabsorption disorder | genetic mutation of SGLT-1 (they eat more fructose)
*glucose stays in blood and lowers risk of diabetes
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| which GLUT transporter is insulin dependent? | glut 4
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| which GLUT transporter in liver, pancreatic beta cells, and intestine? | glut 2
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| which GLUT transporter in heart, skeletal muscle, and fat? | glut 4 **insulin dependent
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| which GLUT transporter in brain? | glut 3
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| glycemic index | AUC for 50g food/AUG for 50g glucose
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| glycemic load | another index normalized to serving standards
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| 4 functions of insulin | promotes glucose uptake, promotes glycogenesis, promotes protein synthesis, promotes fat synthesis
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| glucose 6 phosphate and hexokinase | allosteric inhibitor
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| glucose 6 phosphate and glucokinase | DOES NOT inhibit (excess glucose taken up by the liver)
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| insulin and glucokinase | indirectly induces glucokinase
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| insulin and glycogen synthase | activates (dephosphorylates!)
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| glucagon/epinephrine and glycogen synthase | deactivate it
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| glucagon and glycogen phosphorylase | activates it
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| epinephrine and glycogen phosphorylase | activates it (skeletal muscle)
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| AMP and glycogen phosphorylase | activates in (ATP deactivates it)
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| most of glycogen in the body is found | in the muscle (75%- just b/c there is more muscle in the body)
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| 3 regulatory enzymes of glycolysis | hexokinase/glucokinase; PFK, pyruvate kinase
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| PFK inhibition/activation | inhibited by ATP; activated by AMP and ADP
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| pyruvate inhibition/activation | inhibited by acetyl-coA; activated by fructose 1,6 biphosphate, activated by insulin (exception to insulin being anabolic)
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| two fates of pyruvate | lactate -> CORI cycle
acetyl CoA -> TCA cycle
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| transport of pyruvate and NADH into mitochondria | pyruvate: mitochondrial pyruvate carrier
NADH: shuttle systems
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| intermediates in TCA cycle | citrate, isocitrate, a-ketoglutarare, succinyl coA, succinate, fumarate, malate, oxaloacetate
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| what is made in TCA cycle? | 6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 GTP
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| other sources of NADH in CHO metabolism | 2 in glycolysis, 2 in converting pyruvate to acetyl coA
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| regulation of TCA cycle (3) | -low intermediates slows down the cycle
-high NADH:NAD slows down the cycle
-high ATP:ADP slows down the cycle
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| gluconeogenesis: what instead of pyruvate kinase? | pyruvate carboxylase-> oxaloacetate -> PEP carboxylase
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| gluconeogenesis: what instead of PFK? | fructose 1,6 biphosphatase
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| gluconeogenesis: what instead of hexokinase? | glucose 6-phosphatase
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| three irreversible enzymes (differences for gluconeogenesis) | hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase
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| lipemia and fructose | elevates triglyceride levels for longer and higher than other sugars
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| type 1 diabetes cause | autoimmune disorder destroys pancreatic beta cells
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| diabetes 1 and 2 percentages | 5%= type 1, 95%= type 2
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| type 1 diabetes remedies | pump, injection, or inhalation
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| risk factors for type 2 diabetes | aging, genetics, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, high blood lipids, high blood pressure, women who had gestational diabetes, certain racial groups
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| three tests to diagnose diabetes | A1C test, fasting plasma glucose, glucose tolerance
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| diabetic A1C cutoff | 6.5% or above
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| diabetic fasting plasma glucose cutoff | 126 or above (mg/dL)
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| diabetic oral glucose tolerance test | 200 or above (mg/dL)
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| biological effects of insulin (4) | increase fat uptake/synthesis, increased glycogen synthesis, increased protein synthesis, increased vasodilation
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| biological effects of insulin resistance (4) | ^ lipolysis, ^ hepatic glucose output, decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased vasodilation
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| 3 potential treatments for diabetes | lower glucose absorption, improved insulin action, improved insulin secretion
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| GD risks to baby | high glucose levels during in utero, initial low blood sugar, obesity, type 2 diabetes, macrosomia
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| GD risks to mother | difficult delivery, pre-eclampsia (high BP), increased risk of type 2 diabetes
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| GD natural phenomenon? | it's good to become a little insulin resistant to secure glucose for the growing fetus
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| glucose travels through placenta via | glut 3
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Created by:
melaniebeale
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