Theories of Etiology and Constitutinal Factors in Stuttering
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| Psychological Theories: 1 | 1. Repressed Need Hypothesis
Issue is some level of CONFLICT caused by:
- Inadequate interpersonal relationships
- Attention gain
- Sympathy
- Avoid responsibility
It is a Freudian/Neo-Freudian theory
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| What is the empirical evidence for the repressed need hypothesis? | Yairi & Ambrose (2005): "Best research FAILED to show that PWS, as a group, are more NEUROTIC or have more PSYCHOLOGICAL disorders than those who do not stutter."
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| TRUE or FALSE: CWS are from blatant pathologic environments, emotionally unsatisfactory home environments, or unique/different home environments. | FALSE
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| Physiological Theories: 1 | 1. Cerebral Dominance
(follows ideas, not research)
- PWS more likely to be left-handed, may begin stuttering in effort to change handedness (1920's)
- Orton & Travis: people stutter b/c muscles of speech receive nerve impulses from both hemispheres.
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| Physiological Theories: 1 cont. | - 1 hemisphere needs to be dominant in order for speech movements to be properly synchronized, thus stuttering
- Empirical research: Dichotic listening studies - Right ear advantage for verbal stimuli in NS.
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| Physiological Theories: 2-1 | 2. Neurological Differences (Stuctural differences)
(1) Lateral differences: PWS demo more right hemi activation (for both speech & non speech activities) than NS comparisions
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| Physiological Theories: 2-1 cont. | (2) Cerebellum differences: Compared to NS, PWS have more activation in the cerebellum (during speech and non-speech activities)
(3) Decreased Auditory DE-activation: compared to NS, PWS have "neural silence" in auditory cortex during vocalization
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| Physiological Theories: 2-1 cont. | (4) White matter differences: Diff. between PWS and NS, especially true for motor areas and corpus callosum. This may result in deficiencies in motor planning. Unclear as to whether diff's are a result or cause of stuttering
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| Physiological Theories: 3 | 3. CNS Disturbances
-Ray & Kent (1983): Stuttering is result of CNS disturbance, resulting in "reduced ability to generate temporal patterns, whether sensor or motor" to smoothly sequence the mvmts for fluent speech
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| Physiological Theories: 3 cont. | -Left hemi is superior to the right in processing RAPID auditory and DETAILED motor
patterns
-More boys than girls have problems with left hemi processing
-Stuttering involves reduction of generation temporal patterns for perceptual/productive purposes
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| Physiological Theories: 3 cont. | Emotion disrupts timing in PWS b/c the arrangement for the functions of speech:
- is not as effective as NS
- are more vulnerable to RH interference during increased emotion
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| Physiological Theories: 4 | 4. Genetic Factors:
- Stuttering runs in families
- Studies suggest genetic influence predisposes a person to stutter
- Stuttering SEVERITY does NOT appear to be genetically transmitted
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| Physiological Theories: 4 cont. | Twin studies:
- Identical twins more alike in stuttering than fraternal
- Howie (1981) a twin is more likely to stutter if the other twin also stutters
- Felsenfeld et. al, (2000) 45% monozygotic, 15% dizygotic twins both stuttered
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| Physiological Theories: 4 cont. | Adoption studies:
- Greater link between biological families and stuttering, thus slightly higher chance of stuttering in adoptive family (shows interaction between genetics and environment)
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| Physiological Theories: 5 | Irregular Vocalizations:
Voice irregularities in FLUENT speech:
- slower voice onset/offset
- Slower shifting from one sound to another
- Harsh glottal attacks
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| Physiological Theories: 5 cont. | Voice irregularities in STUTTERED speech:
- Antagonistic abd-adductor contractions
- Vocal fry indicating ventricular phonation
- Excessive laryngeal tension
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| Learning Theories: 1 | 1. Diagnostic Theory:
"Stuttering begins not in the child's mouth but the mothers ear"
- Empirical evidence to counter: Early stuttering (fluency breaks) more like stuttering disfluency than normal disfluency
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