BASIC CHEMISTRY AND THE BIOMOLECULES
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| Chemical equilibrium is _____________________ | forward and reverse reactions continue without any effect on the concentrations of the reactants or products
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| If an atom has an atomic number of 14, what does that mean???? | 14 protons & 14 electrons are present
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| If the atomic number is 14, how many electrons are in the outermost shell of the atom? | 4
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| A covalent bond is one that | has shared electrons of 2 atoms to satisfy the rule of 8
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| What happens when electrons are shared unequally??? | a polar covalent bond
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| What is an ionic bond involve?? | attraction because of the electrical attraction
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| What explains the attraction of water molecules to each other?? | hydrogen bonds between the H (+) of one water and the O (-) of another
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| In the water molecule, how are H and O bonded together?? | polar covalent bonds
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| Water is cohesive because of it's _________ | hydrogen bonding created by their polar covalent properties
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| Water evaporates when __________ | the hydrogen bonds between each molecule breaks
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| What makes ice less dense and float? | hydrogen bonds keep the water molecules farther apart and therefore less dense
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| An oil or lipid is nonpolar and therefore __________ which is insoluble in water. | hydrophobic
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| 2,3,4, or 6.....which has the highest concentration of H+ ions? | 2 (lower number, higher concentration)
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| Organic chemistry is based on compounds made with which element??? | carbon
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| How many bonds can Carbon have? Why? | 4, it has room for 4 electrons in the outermost shell
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| Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water? | most of their bonds are nonpolar covalent C-H bonds
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| What 2 functional groups are always found protein monomers? | amino and carboxyl
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| Starch, DNA double helix, muscle fiber, fructose.....which one is not the polymer??? | fructose, it's a monomer (monosaccharide)
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| A compound with the formula, C6H12O6, would it be glucose, a monosaccharide, or a carbohydrate??? | all 3
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| An organic compound with C-H-O and H-O is a 2:1 ratio is a _______________________. | carbohydrate
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| Plant cell walls are composed of what polysaccharide??? | cellulose
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| A solid at room temperature, saturated or unsatured fat???? | saturated
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| A liquid at room temperature, saturated or unsaturated fat??? | unsaturated
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| Multiple double bonds in the carbon chains, saturated or unsaturated fat??? | unsaturated
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| All single bonds in the carbon chains, saturated or unsaturated fat??? | saturated
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| Fats most common in animals, saturated or unsaturated??? | saturated
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| Contain more hydrogen with the same number of Carbon atoms, saturated or unsaturated fats?? | saturated
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| Triglycerides or triacylglycerols are composed of ________________? | 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
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| Cholesterol, antibodies, insulin, enzymes, hemoglobin......which one is not composed of amino acids? | cholesterol
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| How many amino acids are there and what makes them unique? | 20, each one has a different radical
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| What type bond is formed by condensation in proteins?? | peptide bonds
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| What is formed by bonding of these 3 groups, a phosphate, a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar?? | a nucleotide
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| What lipid molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic? | a phospholipid
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| What compound is the major component of plasma membranes??? | phospholipid
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| What pentose sugar is found in DNA??? | deoxyribose
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| What pentose sugar is found in RNA??? | ribose
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| which four elements make up 96% of living matter | C H N O
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| the most important polar covalently bonded molecule | water
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| what makes each element unique? | the number of protons
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| strongest of bonds | covalent and polar covalent
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| weakest of bonds and attractions | hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interaction, and hydrophobic interactions
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| created by attraction of ions in water | ionic bonds
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| water can form hydrogen bonds with compounds that have what characteristic?? | polar covalent bonds
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| what makes a compound hydrophobic | nonpolar
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| carbon is most likely to form what kind of bonds | covalent
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| which functional group is an acid | carboxyl
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| which functional group is an alcohol | OH
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| which functional groups are carbonyls | C=O, ketones and aldehydes
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| which carbohydrates are polymers | polysaccharides; starches, cellulose, chitin, glycogen
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| what process builds polymers by adding a monomer with the removal of a water molecule | condensation; dehydration synthesis
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| what process breaks down polymers by adding a water molecule | hydrolysis; digestion
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| an organic compound has a formula of C5 H10 O5, what would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking 5 of these monomers together by dehydration synthesis | C25 H42 O21
you have to subtract 4 waters = H8 O4
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