The most important types are int, char, bool, and double; also classes. "Quiz 1"
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| int x; | Fastest integer type (16-32 bits), also short, long, and unsigned
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| char x; | 8-bit character, '\0' to '\xFF' or -128 to 127
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| double x; | 64 bit real + or - 1.8e308, 14 significant digits, also float
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| bool x; | true or false
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| const T x; | Non-modifiable object
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| T f(...) {...} | Defines f as a function returning T
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| T* p; | Pointer to T (*p is a T object)
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| T a[N]; | Array of N elements of T, a[0] to a[N-1]
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| static T x; | Place x in data segment
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| register T x; | (rare) Hint to optimize for speed
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| volatile T x; | (rare) x may be modified externally
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| t& y=x; | Reference, y is an alias for x, which both have type T
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| How do you include a standard library type and the beginning of the program? | #include <header>
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| What standard type must be included at the beginning of the program? | using namespace std;
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| istream / iostream | Standard input (cin)
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| ostream / iostream | Output (cout, cerr, clog)
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| ifstream / fstream | Input file
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| ofstream / fstream | Output file
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| string / string | Sequence of char
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| vector<T> / vector | Expandable array/stack of T
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| deque<T> / deque | Array/double ended queue
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| list<T> / list | List/stack/queue of T
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| map<T1,T2> / map | Associative mapping of T1 to T2
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| set<T1> / set | A map with keys only
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| pair<T1,T2> / map or utility | Two objects of type T1 and T2
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| priority_queue<T> / queue | Sorted queue
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| stack<T> / stack | Stack
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| bitset<N> / bitset | Array of N bool with logical operations
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| valarray<T> / valarray | Array with arithmetic operations
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| complex<T> / complex | Complex number
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| iterator / (Included with container) | Pointer into a container
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| const_iterator / (Included with container) | Pointer not allowing element assignment
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| exception / stdexcept, exception | Hierarchy of exception types
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| algorithm | min(), max(), swap(), sort(), copy(), equal()
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| numeric | accumulate(), inner_product()
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| iterator | back_inserter()
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| functional | equal_to(), less(), bind2nd()
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| new | set_new_handler()
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| cstdlib | atoi(), atof(), abs(), rand(), system(), exit()
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| cctype | isalpha(), isgigit(), tolower(), toupper()
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| cmath | sqrt(), log(), exp(), pow(), sin(), cos(), atan()
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| ctime | clock(), time()
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| cstring | strleng(), memset(), memmove(), memcmp()
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| cstdio | printf(), fopen(), getc(), perrer()
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| cassert (debugging) | assert()
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| What most important type does C++ allow you to create on your own? Define it. | A class is a abstract data structure and an associated set of member functions (methods) and related type declarations which can be associated with the class or instances (objects) of the class. A class is divided into public and private implementations.
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| Define inheritance in one sentence: | Inheritance is a hierarchy of classes, and it is used to write a specialized or enhanced version of another class; For example, an ofstream is a type of ostream.
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| Define polymorphism in one sentence: | Polymorphism is the technique of coding a common interface for a hierarchy of classes; For example, A child object is allowed wherever a parent object is expected.
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| class T {...}; | Defines T as a collection of types, objects, and member functions
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| template <class T> ... | Defines a set of functions or classes over all T
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| typedf T U; | Defines type U is a synonym for T
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| enum T {...}; | Defines T as an int, and set of int constants
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| struct T {...}; | Like a class, except default scope of members is public
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| union T {...}; | A struct with object members overlapping in memory
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| namespace N {...}; | Defines a scope for a collection of types, objects, and functions
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