Telecommunications, the internet, and Wirelsess Technology
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| 3G networks | High-Speed cellular networks based on packet-switched technology, enabling users to transmit video, graphics, and other rich media, in addition to voice.
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| 4G networks | The next evolution in wireless communication is entirely packet switched and capable of providing between 1 Mbps and 1Gbps speeds; up to ten times faster than 3G networks. Not widely deployed in 2010.
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| Bandwidth | the capacity of communications channel as measured by the difference between the highest and lowest frequencies that can be transmitted by that channel.
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| Blog | Popular term for Weblog, designating an informal yet structured Web site where individuals can publish stories, opinions, and links to other Web sites of interest.
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| Blogosphere | the totality of blog-related Web sites.
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| Bluetooth | Standard for wireless personal area networks that can transmit up to 722 Kbps within a 10-meter area.
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| Broadband | High-speed transmission technology. also designates a single communications medium that can transmit multiple channels of data simultaneously.
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| Bus topology | Network topology linking a number of computers by a single circuit with all messages broadcast to the entire network.
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| Cable Internet connections | Use digital cable coaxial lines to deliver high-speed internet access to homes and businesses.
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| Cell Phone | A device that transmits voice or data, using radio waves to communicate with radio antennas placed within adjacent geographic areas called cells.
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| Chat | Live, interactive conversations over a public network.
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| Coaxial cable | A transmission medium consisting of thickly insulated copper wire; can transmit large volumes of data quickly.
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| Digital subscriber line (DSL) | A group of technologies providing high-capacity transmission over existing copper telephone lines.
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| Domain name | English=like name that corresponds to the unique 32-bit numeric Internet Protocol (IP) address for each computer connected to the Internet.
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| Domain Name System (DNS) | A hierarchical system of servers maintaining a database enabling the conversion of domain names to their numeric IP addresses.
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| enables messages to be exchanged from computer to computer, with capabilities for routing messages to multiple recipients, forwarding messages, and attaching text documents or multimedia files to messages.
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| Fiber-optic cable | A fast, light, and durable transmission medium consisting of thin strands of clear glass fiber bound into cables. Data are transmitted as light pulses.
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| File Transfer Protocol (FTP) | Tool for retrieving and transferring files from a remote computer.
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| Hertz | Measure of frequency of electrical impulses per second, with 1 Hertz equivalent to 1 cycle per second.
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| Hotspots | Specific geographic locations in which an access point provides public Wi-Fi network service.
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| Hubs | Very simple devices that connect network components, sending a packet of data to all other connected devices.
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| Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) | The communications standard used to transfer pages on web. Defines how messages are formatted and transmitted.
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| Instant messaging | Chat service that allows participants to create their own private chat channels so that a person can be alerted whenever someone on his or her private list is on-line to initiate a chat session with that particular individual.
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| Internet Protocol (IP) address | Four-part numeric address indicating a unique computer location on the internet.
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| Internet service provider (ISP) | A commercial organization with a permanent connection to the internet that sells temporary connections to subscribers.
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| Internet2 | Research network with new protocols and transmission speeds that provides an infrastructure for supporting high-bandwidth Internet applications.
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| IPv6 | New IP addressing system using 128-bit addresses. Stands for Internet Protocol version 6.
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| Local area network (LAN) | A telecommunications network that requires its own dedicated channels and that encompasses a limited distance, usually one building or several buildings in close proximity.
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| Metropolitan-area network (MAN) | Network that spans a metropolitan area, usually a city and its major suburbs. Its Geographic scope falls between a WAN and a LAN
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| Microblogging | Blogging featuring very short posts, such as using Twitter.
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| Microwave | A high-volume, long-distance, point-to-point transmission in which high frquency radio signals are transmitted through the atmosphere from one terrestrial transmission station to another.
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| Modem | A device for translating a computer's digital signals into analog form for transmission over ordinary telephone lines, or for translating analog signals back into digital form for reception by a computer.
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| Network operating system (NOS) | Special software that routes and manages communications on the network and coordinates network resources.
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| Packet switching | Technology that breaks messages into small, fixed bundles of data and routes them in the most economical way through any available communications channel.
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| Peer-to-Peer | Network architecture that gives equal power to all computers on the network; used primarily in small networks.
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| Personal-area networks (PANs) | Computer networks used for communication among digital devices (including telephones and PDAs) that are close to one person.
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| Protocol | A set of rules and procedures that govern transmission between the components in a network.
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| Radio frequency identification (RFID) | Technology using tiny tags with embedded microchips containing data about an item and its location to transmit short distance radio signals to special RFID readers that then pass the data on to a computer for processing.
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| Ring topology | A network topology in which all computers are linked by a closed loop in a manner that passes data in one direction from one computer to another.
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| Router | Specialized communications processor that forwards packets of data from one network to another network.
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| RSS | Technology using aggregator software to pull content from web sites and feed it automatically to subscribers' computer.
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| search engines | Tools for efficiently searching the internet for information based on user queries (search engine arguments).
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| Search engine marketing | Use of search engines to deliver sponsored links, for which advertisers have paid, in search engine results.
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| Search engine optimization (SEO) | the process of changing a web site's content, layout, and format in order to increase the ranking of th site on popular search engines, and to generate more site visitors.
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| Semantic Web | Collaborative effort led by the World Wide Web Consortium to make Web searching more efficient by reducing the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing web information.
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| Shopping bots | Software with varying levels of built-in intelligence to help electronic commerce shoppers locate and evaluate products or service they might wish to purchase.
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| Smartphones | Wireless phones with voice, messaging, scheduling, e-mail, and Internet capabilities.
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| Social networking | Online community for expanding users' business or social contacts by making connections through their mutual business or personal connections.
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| Social seach | Effort to provide more relevant and trustworthy search results based on a person's network of social contacts.
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| Star topology | A network topology in which all computers and other devices are connected to a central host computer. all communications between network devices must pass though the host computer.
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| Switch | Device to connect network components that has more intelligence that a hub and can filter and forward data to a specified destination.
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| T1 lines | High-speed data lines leased from communications providers, offer guaranteed delivery at 1.54Mbps
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| Topology | The way in which the components of a network are connected.
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| Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) | Dominant model for achieving connectivity among different networks. Provides a universally agreed-on method for breaking up digital messages into packets, routing them to the proper addresses, and then reassembling them into coherent messages.
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| Twisted Wire (twisted pair) | A transmission medium consisting of pairs of twisted copper wires; used to transmit analog phone conversations but can be used for data transmission.
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| Unified communications | Integrates disparate channels for voice communications, data communications, instant messaging, e-mail, and electronic conferencing into a single experience where users can seamlessly switch back and forth between different communication modes.
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| Uniform resource locator (URL) | The address of a specific resource on the internet.
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| Virtual private network (VPN) | A secure connection between two points across the internet to transmit corporate data. Provides a low-cost alternative to a private network.
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| Voice over IP (VOIP) | Facilities for managing the delivery of voice information using the Internet Protocol (IP)
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| Web 2.0 | Second generation, interactive internet based services that enable people to collaborate, share information, and create new services online, including mashups, blogs, RSS, and wikis
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| Web 3.0 | Future vision of the Web where all digital information is woven together with intelligent search capabilities.
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| Web site | All of the World Wide Web pages maintained by an organization or an individual
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| Wide-area networks (WANs) | Telecommunications networks that span a large geographical distance. May consist of a variety of cable, satellite, and microwave technologies.
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| Wi-Fi | Standards for wireless fidelity and refers to the 802.11 family of wireless networking standards.
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| Wiki | Collaborative web site where visitors can add, delete, or modify content on the site, including the work of previous authors.
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| WiMax | Popular term for IEEE standard 802.16 for wireless networking over a range of up to 31 miles with data transfer rate of up to 75 Mbps. Stands for Worldwide Interoperabilty for Microwave Access
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| Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) | Networks of interconnected wireless devices with built-in processing, storage, and radio frequency sensors and antennas that are embedded into the physical environment to provide measurements of many points over large spaces.
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