AP Comp Gov - Chapter 2
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| Great Britain | England, Scotland, and Wales
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| United Kingdom / Britain | Great Britain and Norther Ireland
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| unitary state | political decisions all made by parliamentary gov in London with fusion of powers
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| fusion of powers | executive and legislaure not separated
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| devolution | more local decision making power has been given to legislatures in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland
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| gradualism | political change in Britain; took place gradually such as shift in policymaking from mocarch to Parliament; due to island geography
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| 1066 - invasion of Normas | unification of state under Normans; census = domesday book, used for taxation and control
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| 1215 - Magna Carta | established principle of limited government; king was not absolute monarch above the law and needed to consult nobility in Parliament
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| !523-36 - English Reformation | started forces that would depoliticize the church
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| 1688 - Glorious Revolution | established parliamentary supremacy; gives parliament "power of purse" ie fiscal power and a bill of rights
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| 1701 - Act of Settlement | regularized procedures for royal succession and asserted that monarchs must govern in accordance with parliamentary laws
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| 1700s - emergence of prime minister | 1st among equals
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| collective responsibility | cabinet is publically united; don't walk out of cabinet meeting bad mouth prime minister
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| parliamentary democracy | in 1911 when House of Lords stripped of remaining power
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| common law | legal system based on local customs and precendent rather than formal legal codes
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| British Common Law | developed over 100s of years; decisions of public officials and courts make to set precedents for later action and decisions, eventually forming a comprehensive set of principles of government
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| Law of Lords | summit of judicial system; becomes independent UK Supreme Court in 2009
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| British constitution | not single document; developed over 100s of years; consists of: 1 acts of parliament; 2 common law; 3 tradition (convention)
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| hegemonic power | UK was world's greatest empire in 1800s
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| interventionist state | rose post WWI; greater control of number of industries needed for "total war"; post war, union opposition, state increased management of certain industries
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| nationalizing | extpanded state role in economy; ex: nationalized Bank of England, civil aviation, iron/steel industry, etc
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| National Health Service (NHS) | virtually free health care for all citizens
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| geopolitical influences on Brit | few invasions; not huge country, makes for stability; island = strong navy
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| collective consensus | 1951-63; for state-centered solutions; consevatives joined with labour so they can get back in power
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| trans unions congress | workers union
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| confederation of British industry | union of management
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| winter of discontent | falling economic conditions created strikes; cost Labour the next election
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| Thatcherism | repudiate main tenets of British collectivism by bringing neoliberalism; favors private sector ove state ownership; monetarism over keynesianism
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| enterprise culture | promoted by thatcherism; denationalized state-owned industries and attacked culture of dependency
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| poll tax | downfall of thatcher; on individual to supplement existing income tax
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| pragmatic consensus | characterized by john major; pursued popular issues like abandoning poll tax and appointing more women to cabinet posts
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| Maastricht Treaty | JM conditional agreement to EEC (later, EU); faced strong domestic opposition
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| New Labour | led by Tony Blair; called for "Third Way"
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| Third Way | alternative to Thatcherism and old Labour social welcare
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| Chancellor of Exchequer | Gordon Brown - understanding that Brown was successor to Blair
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| Good Friday Agreement | successful negotiations for northern ireland between protestants and catholics
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| Blair Doctrine | humanitarian intervention in Sierra leone and Kosovo
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| bill of rights | adopting european convention on human rights in 2000
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| independent judiciary | turned the law lords into a uk supreme court
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| freedom of information act | overturned much of official secrets act
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| devolution | more home rule and elected assemblies in scotland, wales, norhtern ireland (w/ proportional representation ther)
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| euroskeptics | want to exit the EU
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| fusion of powers | expedites passage of legislature
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| Law Lords | highest court of appeal; was in House of Lords, but moved to independent supreme court in 2009
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| head of state | monarch; has little rights but participates in seremonial, symbolic roles
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| cabinet | PM and ministers, each heads a major government bureaucracy
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| collective cabinet | center of policy making of Brit political system
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| role of PM | head of gov; powers derived from sutom rather than written law
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| party discipline | all members of party's parliament delegation expected to vote same way; party chooses what district a person will run in
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| loyal opposition | the minority party
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| shadow cabinet | senior member of loyal opposition
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| backbenchers | members of parliament with no cabinet position
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| first reading | readied by government, introduced to commons
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| second reading | if majority supports, goes t ocommittee for detailed scrutiny
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| third reading | post committees, in fashion the gov wants; final vote
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| question time | allows members of parliament to address questions to PM; enables opposition to hold ruling party accountable for its policies
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| party whip | important in getting out vote; inforces party discipline
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| vote of confidence | ruling party wants to avoid this; if ussue not supported, cabinet must resign immediately w/new elections for MPs; drastic measure, avoided by settling policy differences w/majority party membership
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| hereditary peers | went from 50% to vast minority of House of Lords
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| life peers | majority of House of Lords now; nominated based on merit
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| bureaucracy / civil service | whitewall; critical role in advice on and execution of gov. policies; party of exec branch; merit-based; DOESN'T MAKE - JUST ADMINISTERS POLICY
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| new public management | reduction in size and type; 1/3 technocrats
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| QUANGOs | quasi-autonomous non-gov organizations; gov moved various functions to these; like independent US agencies like EPA
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| linkage institutions | print/e-media, political parties, interest groups, etc.;
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| whigs | liberal party
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| tories | conservative party
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| labour party | formed early 20th century in response to new voter demands
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| labour party | largest leftist party; alliance of trade unions and socialist groups; now neoliberal reforms with traditional emphasis on social welfare programs
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| Clause 4 | called for nationalization of major industries; removal in 1990s = New Labour of Blair
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| conservative party | largest rightist party; usually viewed as elitist; 2 factions: 1. traditional: elitist, favor EU membership; 2. Thatcherite: strict conservatives, Euroskeptics, David Cameron
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| liberal democratic party | strong centrist party undermined by movement of labour party to center; opposed war in Iraq; Nick Clegg; under represented
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