Bio chapter 5-6
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| Cells control their chemical environment using | Energy,Enzymes, and The plasma membrane
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| Cell-based nanotechnology may be used to | power microscopic robots.
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| the capacity to perform work is | Energy
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| energy of motion is | Kinetic energy
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| stored energy is | Potential energy
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| _____and _______ can transform kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa | Machines and organisms
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| the principle of _________ is the energy cannot be created or destroyed | conservation of energy
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| is a measure of disorder, or randomness | entropy
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| this is a Type of kinetic energy and Product of all energy conversions | Heat
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| Every energy conversion releases some randomized energy in the form of | Heat
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| store varying amounts of potential energy in the arrangement of their atoms | Molecules
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| Organic compounds are relatively rich in | chemical energy
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| __________ and ___________ engines use the same basic process to make chemical energy do work | Living cells and automobile
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| is the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of fuel molecules that provides energy for cells to do work | Cellular respiration
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| _____ convert about 40% of the energy in food to useful work, such as the contraction of muscles | Humans
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| is the amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by 1 degree Celsius | A calorie
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| are kilocalories, equal to 1,000 calories | Food Calories
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| is Released by the breakdown of organic molecules during cellular respiration and used to generate molecules of ATP | Chemical energy
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| what Acts like an energy shuttle, Stores energy obtained from food and Releases it later as needed | ATP
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| what does ATP stand for | adenosine triphosphate
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| what is ATP broken down to | ADP and a phosphate group, releasing energy
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| What is ATP consists of | adenosine plus a tail of three phosphate groups
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| ATP is recycled from ADP and a phosphate group through | cellular respiration
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| A working muscle cell spends and recycles about 10 million | ATP molecules per second
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| is the total of all chemical reactions in an organism | Metabolism
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| Most metabolic reactions require the assistance of ______proteins that speed up chemical reactions | enzymes
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| what activates the reactants and triggers a chemical reaction. A series of molecular changes that converts a signal received on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell. | Activation energy
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| ______ lower the activation energy for chemical reactions | Enzymes
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| EA specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific _______ of the reaction it catalyzes | substrate
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| what is a substrate | a specific reactant molecule
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| The _________ fits to the substrate, and the enzyme changes shape slightly. This interaction is called _______ | 1)active site
2)induced fit
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| ______ can prevent metabolic reactions by binding to the active site. | Enzyme inhibitors
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| Some products of a reaction may inhibit the enzyme required for its production this is called | feedback regulation
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| feedback regulation prevents the cell from | wasting resources
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| Many antibiotics work by _______ of disease-causing bacteria. | inhibiting enzymes
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| What is distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs? | Only autotrophs can live on nutrients that are entirely inorganic
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| Cells can harvest the most chemical energy from which of the following? | a glucose molecule
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| Sports physiologists at an Olympic training center want to monitor athletes to determine at what point their muscles are functioning anaerobically. They can do this by checking for a buildup of | lactic acid
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| Containing or requiring molecular oxygen (O2). | aerobic
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| Lacking or not requiring molecular oxygen (O2). | anaerobic
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| A protein cluster, found in a cellular membrane, that uses the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP from ADP | ATP synthase
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| What provides a port through which hydrogen ions (H1) diffuse. | ATP synthase
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| An organism that makes its own food from inorganic ingredients, thereby sustaining itself without eating other organisms or their molecules | Autotroph
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| The aerobic harvesting of energy from food molecules; the energy-releasing chemical breakdown of food molecules | cellular respiration
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| The metabolic cycle that is fueled by acetyl CoA formed after glycolysis in cellular respiration. | citric acid cycle
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| An organism that obtains its food by eating plants or by eating animals that have eaten plants. | Consumer
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| A subatomic particle with a single unit of negative electrical charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. | electron
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| A redox (oxidation-reduction) reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred to carrier molecules | electron transport
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| A series of electron carrier molecules that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP; | electron transport chain
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| The anaerobic harvest of food by some cells. | fermentation
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| The multistep chemical breakdown of a molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid; the first stage of cellular respiration in all organisms; occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid. | glycolysis
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| An organism that cannot make its own organic food molecules from inorganic ingredients and must obtain them by consuming other organisms or their organic products; a consumer or a decomposer in a food chain. | Heterotroph
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| the anaerobic harvest of food by some cells | Fermentation
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| The gain of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies oxidation | reduction
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| An electron carrier (a molecule that carries electrons) involved in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. | NADH
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| what carries electrons from glucose and other fuel molecules and deposits them at the top of an electron transport chain | NADH
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| NADH is generated during _______ and ________. | glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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| The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction; always accompanies reduction. | oxidation
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| The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. | osmosis
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| The interaction between a substrate molecule and the active site of an enzyme, which changes shape slightly to embrace the substrate and catalyze the reaction. | induced fit
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| a type of endocytosis whereby a cell engulfs large molecules, other cells, or particles into its cytoplasm. | phagocytosis
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| The movement of materials from the external environment into the cytoplasm of a cell via vesicles or vacuoles | endocytosis
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| Everything inside a eukaryotic cell between the plasma membrane and the nucleus; consists of a semifluid medium and organelles; can also refer to the interior of a prokaryotic cell. | cytoplasm
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| In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the greater concentration of solutes. | hypertonic
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| In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the lower concentration of solutes. | hypotonic
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| The control of the gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes in an organism. | osmoregulation
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| The spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient; that is, movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. | diffusion
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| The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane without any input of energy. | passive transport
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| A substance that is dissolved in a liquid (which is called the solvent) to form a solution. | solute
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| Having the same solute concentration as another solution. | isotonic
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| The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | active site
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| A surface in or on which an organism lives. | substrate
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| A series of molecular changes that converts a signal received on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell. | signal transduction pathway
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| Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms? 1)energy utilization 2)complex yet organized 3)composed of multiple cells 4)capable of self-reproduction | composed of multiple cells
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| Which of the following best describes the logic of the scientific method? 1)If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis. 2)If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results. | If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.
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| Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? 1)Theories are hypotheses that have been proved. 2)Hypotheses usually are narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power | Hypotheses usually are narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power
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| Animals depend on plants to convert solar energy to: | Chemical energy of sugars
Other molecules we consume as food
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| Uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process that makes organic molecules. | Photosynthesis:
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| Autotrophs are _______ because ecosystems depend upon them for food | producer
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| Heterotrophs are ______ because they eat plants or other animals. | consumers
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| The ingredients for photosynthesis are _____ and _______ | carbon dioxide and water.
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| CO2 is obtained from | the air by a plant’s leaves.
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| H2O is obtained from | he damp soil by a plant’s roots.
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| Plant and animal cells perform cellular respiration, a chemical process that: | Primarily occurs in mitochondria
Harvests energy stored in organic molecules
Uses oxygen
Generates ATP
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| The waste products of cellular respiration are: | CO2 and H2O
Used in photosynthesis
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| true or false only animals perform only cellular respiration. | False- Plants perform Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
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| Cellular respiration is: | The main way that chemical energy is harvested from food and converted to ATP
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| A common fuel molecule for cellular respiration is | glucose.
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| How many ATP can cellular respiration produce for each glucose molecule consumed? | 38
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| True or false During cellular respiration, hydrogen and its bonding electrons change partners. | True
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| During cellular respiration Hydrogen and its electrons go from | sugar to oxygen, forming water.
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| Why does electron transfer to oxygen release energy? | When electrons move from glucose to oxygen, it is as though the electrons were falling.
This “fall” of electrons releases energy during cellular respiration.
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| true or false Cellular respiration: Is an example of a metabolic pathway, which is a series of chemical reactions in cells | True
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| All of the reactions involved in cellular respiration can be grouped into three main stages: | Glycolysis
The citric acid cycle
Electron transport
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| Cyanide is a deadly poison that: | Binds to one of the protein complexes in the electron transport chain
Prevents the passage of electrons to oxygen
Stops the production of ATP
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| In addition to glucose, cellular respiration can “burn”: | Diverse types of carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
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| Yeast are a type of microscopic fungus that: | Use a different type of fermentation
Produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol instead of lactic acid
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| This type of fermentation, called alcoholic fermentation, is used to produce: | Beer
Wine
Breads
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