Microbiology ch 1-3
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| show | Used first microscope to observe the fruiting bodies (reproductive structures) of the common blue mold, penicillium. First person to describe microorganisms
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| Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek | show 🗑
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| Ferdinand J. Cohn | show 🗑
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| What is pasteurization? | show 🗑
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| show | Discovered anaerobiosis (organisms can live without air or oxygen), showed that spontaneous generation does not exist. Showed that microbes were everywhere and they did not develop from nothing
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| show | 1) Material turnover through cycling (C, N, S cycle)
2) N2 Fixation (N2 from air to 2NH3[ammonia])
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| show | *biofuels (CH4)
*fermentation (corn->ethanol)
*Microbial mining (CuS-->Cu 2+ --> Cu)
*Bioremediation (cleaning up pollutants by microbes)
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| What is the importance of microorganisms in the food industry? | show 🗑
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| show | Negative impact on food industry. A process of decomposition that results in the formation of ill-smelling products. By breakdown of protein, the principal constituents in animal products
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| Describe fermentation. | show 🗑
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| What is the importance of microorganisms in biotechnology and disease control? | show 🗑
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| show | Would have doctors handwash with chlorine solution after dissection room
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| Joseph Lister | show 🗑
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| Robert Koch | show 🗑
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| When ______________ divide, they form ________ | show 🗑
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| Since each colony comes from a single bacterium, it is a ____________ | show 🗑
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| show | Koch's Postulates
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| show | 1) The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2) The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
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| show | 3) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4) The suspected pathogen must be re isolated and shown to be the same as the original
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| show | Developed the environment culture technique. Made growth media lacking nitrogen to obtain a pure culture of the root nudule bacterium Rhizobium, which can "fix nitrogen". Described tobacco mosaic virus as soluble living microbes. Father of virology.
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| show | Oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy
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| Sergei Winogradsky | show 🗑
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| show | How microbes interact metabolically with their environments.
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| What are the basic characteristics of life? | show 🗑
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| What are the factors of functionality? | show 🗑
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| What are the factors of adaptability? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Reproduction (growth). (Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic direction of preexisting cells)
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| show | Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
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| show | have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles.
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| ___________ are single-celled organisms that look like bacteria but are not ever a little related. None are disease causing and many live in extreme conditions | show 🗑
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| show | Fungi (molds, yeast mushrooms, etc)
Protists (Paramecium, Amoebae)
Algae (plants)
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| Describe cellular microbes. | show 🗑
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| show | Archaea and Bacteria
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| Describe noncellular microbes. | show 🗑
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| show | eukaryotic virus that infects eukaryotic cells. Most famous member of this group infect mammalian neurons and causes rabies
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| What is a virion? | show 🗑
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| Describe Lambda Bacteriophage | show 🗑
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| Phylogentic relationships can be deduced by ______________________ | show 🗑
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| Carl Woese | show 🗑
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| show | Plants, animals, fungi
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| Where do phototrophs get ATP from? | show 🗑
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| Where do chemotrophs get ATP from? | show 🗑
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| show | *Lithotrophs (electron donors are inorganic reduced molecules)
*Organotrophs (electron donors are organic reduced molecules)
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| Where do autotrophs get their cell carbon (biomass) from? | show 🗑
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| show | Organic compounds (assembled organic molecules are acquired from outside)
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| Heterotrophs break down organic compounds from other organisms to harvest ___________________________ | show 🗑
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| Based on the energy source heterotrophs used to harvest carbon for building their own biomass, where to chemoheterotrophs and photoheterotrophs get their energy? | show 🗑
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| Photoautotrophs _____________________________ | show 🗑
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| show | Produce energy from oxidizing inorganic molecules such as iron, sulfur, or nitrogen. This energy is also used to fix CO2 into biomass
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| Autotrophs _________________ | show 🗑
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| What are extremophiles? | show 🗑
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| show | Proteobacteria(gram-negative)
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| _____________ are relatives of gram-positive bacteria and are critical to the evolution of life as they oxygenated the Earth's atmosphere | show 🗑
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| What are the two phyla of the domain Archaea? | show 🗑
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| What the the different types of Euryarchaeota? | show 🗑
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| show | hyperthermophiles
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| show | *Pyrolobus (hyperthermophile that grows above the boiling point of water)
*Halobacterium (halophile, grows in salt crystals, produces red pigment bacteriorhodopson)
*Thermoplasma (thermoacidophile that grows in high temperatures and strong acid)
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| show | Protists; Protista
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| show | *Algae(green and brown algae, and diatoms)
*Fungi(yeast, molds)
*Protozoa (flagellates, cilliates)
*Slime molds
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| show | Phototrophic
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| show | True
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| show | Fungus + Algae
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| What is the enrichment culture technique? | show 🗑
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| show | A disease causing microogranism
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| What is a pure culture? | show 🗑
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| show | The hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter
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| What does sterile mean? | show 🗑
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| show | An organism able to grow with carbon dioxide (CO2) as its sole carbon source
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| What is a chemolithotroph? | show 🗑
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| show | An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds
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| show | Prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs
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| show | An organism that grows optimally under one or more environmental extremes
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| show | An organism that requires organic carbon as its carbon source
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| show | An organism that obtains energy from light
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| What is phylogeny? | show 🗑
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| Proteobacteria | show 🗑
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| show | Algae and protozoa
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| show | It is the critical barrier for the cell to exist by allowing th einside of the cell to be different from the outside of the cell
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| show | Rigid structure outside of the membrane that provides support for the membrane and protection for the cell
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| What are the ribosomes? | show 🗑
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| What is the nucleoid? | show 🗑
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| Many prokaryotes are motile and most are able to do so by means of ___________. The prokaryotic flagellum is composed of a single coiled tube of one ___________ | show 🗑
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| show | Storage of nutrients. Examples include lipids, sulfur and phosphate
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| show | 1) Coccus (spherical
2) Bacilli (rod)
3) Spirillum (spiral shape)
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| show | False
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| show | Prokaryotes: .2 micrometers - >700 micrometers in diameter
Eukaryotes: 10 to >200 micrometers in diameter
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| show | *Nutrients and waste products pass more readily into and out of small cell than a large cell
*Faster cellular metabolism and growth
*small cells develop larger populations (dependent on rsources)
*More adaptive flexibility to changing envir. conditions
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| Small cells have more surface area relative to cell volume than large cells. What are the benefits of this for small cells? | show 🗑
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| T or F: Cellular organisms <.15 micrometers are unlikely to house all the essential biomolecules of life. Volume of .2 micrometers or more is required. | show 🗑
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| T or F: Many pathogen bacteria are small and missing gene functions that need to be supplied by the host. | show 🗑
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| show | *Permeability barrier
*Protein anchor
*Energy conservation
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| show | Prevents leakage and functions as a gateway for transport of nutrients into, and washes wastes out of, the cell
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| Describe the protein anchor function of the cytoplasmic membrane | show 🗑
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| show | Site of generation and use of the proton motive force
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| What are the two groups of membrane proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | Bilayer of phospholipids; Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
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| show | Phosphatidyethanolamine
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| What are the two types of integral membrane proteins and describe their location? | show 🗑
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| show | Attached either to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins
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| show | Selectively permeable
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| show | 1) Diffusion - small molecules, from high to low concentration
2) Transport - Directly moves substances into or out of the cell by membrane proteins
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| show | *Simple transporters
*Group translocation
*ABC transporters
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| What are the 3 types of simple transporters? | show 🗑
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| show | hydrogen; phobic; Ca 2+; Mg 2+; Negative
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| Simple transporters consists of __________________ | show 🗑
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| How do uniporters work? | show 🗑
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| show | They transports one molecule in membrane and one out membrane
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| show | They transport one molecule along with another substance (typically a protein)
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| How does group translocation work? | show 🗑
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| show | The phosphotransferase system, which modifies compounds by phosphorylation during transport
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| Describe ABC transporters (ATP-Binding cassette) | show 🗑
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| show | Part of gram negative cell wall between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
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| Concentration is _____________ to transport speed | show 🗑
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| T or F: At some point, all of the transport proteins are busy transporting molecules and adding more to the growth medium will not affect the rate of entry in the cell | show 🗑
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| show | accumulation of solute AGAINST the gradient. This allows cells to accumulate molecules that may be rare in the environment inside the cell
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| show | -Sec translocase system
-Type III secretion system
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| show | Exports proteins and inserts integral membrane proteins into the membrane (exoenzymes to function outside of the cells)
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| Describe the Type III secretion system | show 🗑
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| show | Peptidoglycan
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| What are the functions of bacterial cell walls? | show 🗑
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| Gram - bacteria have a _______ peptidoglycan layer while gram + bacteria have a ______ peptidoglycan layer | show 🗑
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| Describe the gram stain for gram + bacteria | show 🗑
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| What is a lysozyme? | show 🗑
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| What are protoplasts? | show 🗑
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| show | Cell that have lost most of their cell wall material buy not completely
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| show | -Mycoplasmas (bacteria)
-Thermoplasmas (archaea)
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| show | Archaea
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| show | L-alanine, D-alanine, D-glutamic acid and either (L-lysine or Diaminopimelic acid)
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| In G+, each glycan unit contributes a _______ and the two _________ are connected by a short _______________ | show 🗑
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| show | usually a direct bridge between the two tetrapeptides
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| show | Teichoic acids
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| show | The negative charge on the cell surface
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| T or F: All bacteria have a negative charge on their cell surface | show 🗑
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| show | Teichoic acids; Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)
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| In addition to peptidoglycan, G- Bacteria have ________________-- | show 🗑
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| What is the outer membrane of G- bacteria constructed with? | show 🗑
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| show | second lipid bilayer
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| show | Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS); o-polysaccharide repeating unit and a core polysaccharide
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| Polysaccharide chains are anchored in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer in the outer membrane by ________ | show 🗑
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| show | Endotoxin
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| show | has porins (transmembrane proteins that are usually composed of 3 identical subunits forming a hole)
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| Porins make outer membrane of G- bacteria _____________ to small molecules even though it is a lipid bilayer | show 🗑
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| show | The outer membrane is much more permeable than the cytoplasmic membrane
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| show | Connects the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer. The protein end connects to the peptidoglycan layer and the lipid layer connects to the outer membrane
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| show | Outer membrane ; cytoplasmic membrane;
1) Binding proteins
2) Chemoreceptors (chemotaxis)
3) Hydrolytic enzymes for the initial degredation of food molecules
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| What is chemotaxis? | show 🗑
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| T or F: Cell walls of archaea do not contain peptidoglycan | show 🗑
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| show | False
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| Some members of archaea have cell walls composed of __________ | show 🗑
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| Describe pseudomurein | show 🗑
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| show | False; They cannot break beta-1,3 but can break beta-1,4
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| The most common cell wall type of Archaea is the _________ | show 🗑
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| show | Composed of 2-dimensional array of proteins arranged into paracrystalline structure, serving as protection from osmotic lysis
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| show | They function in the attachment of the organism to a substrate, which can allow many disease-causing bacteria to attach to their hosts. They are similar to flagella but are much more numerous and shorter.
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| show | twitching motility
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| What are pili? | show 🗑
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| What are the two important functions of pili? | show 🗑
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| The _______ is involved in bacterial mating (conjugation) | show 🗑
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| If the cell surface structure of a prokaryote is soft, then it is called a __________. If hard, then it is called a __________. | show 🗑
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| show | Because they cannot be penetrated by compounds like india ink and nigrosin
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| show | firmly; Loosely attached and can be lost from cell surface
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| What are the functions of slime layers and capsules? | show 🗑
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| show | -Carbon storage polymers (Glycogen & poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid [PHB])
-Polyphosphates
-Sulfur Globules
-Magnetosomes
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| show | Accumulations of inorganic phosphate
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| What are some functions of inclusions? | show 🗑
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| show | PHB
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| Granules of elemental sulfur are produced by: | show 🗑
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| Instead of disposing of sulfur, the bacteria ____ | show 🗑
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| What do magnetosomes do? | show 🗑
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| Bacteria that produce magnetosomes exhibit ___________ | show 🗑
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| show | Swim "downward" toward magnetic north
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| Magnetotactic bacteria usually mineralize ______ | show 🗑
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| show | Gas containing strctures found in aquatic and marine phototrophs that give them ability to float on water [buoyancy] (in order to be near the light)
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| Gas vesicles are __________ and the membrane is composed only of | show 🗑
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| Since gas vesicles have membranes composed only of repeating protein subunits, it makes the vesicle very rigic and ____ | show 🗑
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| show | Highly differentiated cells that are extremely resistant to heat drought, harsh chemicals and radiation
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| show | Dormant
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| show | Gram-positive bacteria
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| What are the three types of endospores? | show 🗑
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| show | -Exosporium (outer later, thin protein covering)
-Spore coat (layers of sporulation protein)
-Cortex (peptidoglycan [similar to cell wall])
-Core (cell wall, membrane, DNA, ribosomes, etc)
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| The process where a vegetable cell differentiates into an endospore is known as _________ | show 🗑
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| Describe how cell germinates from endospore. | show 🗑
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| show | Ca-Dipicolinate, DPA, and small acid soluble proteins (SASPs). DPA and SASPs give endospore resistance to environmental stress. SASPs bind DNA and change it from a beta-form to an alpha-form helix which makes it resist UV damage
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| show | During sporulation
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| What are the two main functions of SASPs? | show 🗑
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| show | Serve as primary means of motility in bacteria. Function by rotation to push or pull the cell through a liquid medium
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| What are flagella composed of? | show 🗑
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| show | Flagella attached to one or both ends of the cell
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| show | Flagella is inserted at many locations around cell surface
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| About __________ flagellin = _________ filaments | show 🗑
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| Flagella grow from the _____, not the ______ | show 🗑
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| show | Rigid and rotates
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| show | the Proton Motive Force
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| show | Rotational speed; Proton motive force
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| Chemoreceptors in __________ bind chemicals | show 🗑
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| What is phototaxis? | show 🗑
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| Gliding motility is used by? | show 🗑
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| show | cells be in contact with solid surface
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| Gliding motility is sometimes mediated by ____________ | show 🗑
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| What is the proton motive force (PMF)? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Optimization for nutrient uptake
2) Swimming motility in viscous environments or near surfaces
-gliding motility (filamentous bacteria)
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| What is lophotrichous flagella? | show 🗑
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| Peritrichously flagellated organisms swim differently from polar organisms. When they reverse direction of the flagella they begin to ______. Polar organisms tend to _______direction when the flagella reverse | show 🗑
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| Cells with peritrichous flagella move ___________ | show 🗑
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| show | more rapidly and typically spin around
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| Only __________ bacteria use gliding motility | show 🗑
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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