Microbiology ch 1-3
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| show | Used first microscope to observe the fruiting bodies (reproductive structures) of the common blue mold, penicillium. First person to describe microorganisms
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| show | Made microscopes that could see bacteria. Named and described bacteria "wee animalcules"
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| Ferdinand J. Cohn | show 🗑
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| show | Louis Pasteur's method of killing bacteria and molds within liquids by heating them up
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| show | Discovered anaerobiosis (organisms can live without air or oxygen), showed that spontaneous generation does not exist. Showed that microbes were everywhere and they did not develop from nothing
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| show | 1) Material turnover through cycling (C, N, S cycle)
2) N2 Fixation (N2 from air to 2NH3[ammonia])
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| show | *biofuels (CH4)
*fermentation (corn->ethanol)
*Microbial mining (CuS-->Cu 2+ --> Cu)
*Bioremediation (cleaning up pollutants by microbes)
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| What is the importance of microorganisms in the food industry? | show 🗑
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| Describe putrefaction. | show 🗑
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| show | Positive impact on food industry. Process that results in the formation of alcohols or organic acids (under anaerobic conditions). By breakdown of carbohydrates, the predominant organic compounds in plant tissues. Process that makes beer, cheese, etc.
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| What is the importance of microorganisms in biotechnology and disease control? | show 🗑
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| show | Would have doctors handwash with chlorine solution after dissection room
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| Joseph Lister | show 🗑
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| Robert Koch | show 🗑
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| When ______________ divide, they form ________ | show 🗑
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| show | pure culture
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| Koch stressed the importance of working with pure cultures and formulated a series of tests to determine if a given microbe was the cause of a disease. there are know as ______________ | show 🗑
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| List Koch's first 2 postulates | show 🗑
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| show | 3) Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
4) The suspected pathogen must be re isolated and shown to be the same as the original
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| Martinus Beijernick | show 🗑
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| show | Oxidation of inorganic compounds to yield energy
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| Sergei Winogradsky | show 🗑
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| show | How microbes interact metabolically with their environments.
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| show | Functionality, Adaptability, sustainability
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| show | 1) Compartmentalization and metabolism (cells take up nutrients from environment and release wastes into environment)
2) Communication (cells interact by means of chemicals that are release or taken up)
3) movement (cells capable of self-propulsion )
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| show | 1) Differentiation (cells can form new structures such as pores)
2) Evolution (cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties)
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| What are the factors of sustainability? | show 🗑
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| show | Archaea, Eukarya, Bacteria
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| Prokaryotes do not _____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | Archaea
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| show | Fungi (molds, yeast mushrooms, etc)
Protists (Paramecium, Amoebae)
Algae (plants)
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| show | Separated from outside world membranes. Composed of cells (often single cell). Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. Genetic material is always DNA.
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| show | Archaea and Bacteria
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| show | Viruses (nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat) and Viroids (naked RNA with no protein coat [infectious]) have no independent metabolism (obligatory parasite). Depend on other living cells
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| show | eukaryotic virus that infects eukaryotic cells. Most famous member of this group infect mammalian neurons and causes rabies
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| What is a virion? | show 🗑
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| Describe Lambda Bacteriophage | show 🗑
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| show | comparing sequences of certain macromolecules
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| show | First used ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) sequences as a tool for constructing phylogenetic relationships which can be visualized on a phylogenetic tree
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| only _________, _________ and _________ contain macroorganisms | show 🗑
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| Where do phototrophs get ATP from? | show 🗑
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| show | Chemical energy (chemically reduced electron donors are oxidized to produce ATP)
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| What are the two types of chemotrophs and describe them. | show 🗑
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| show | CO2 (CO2 Fixation)
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| show | Organic compounds (assembled organic molecules are acquired from outside)
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| show | Carbon for building their own biomass
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| Based on the energy source heterotrophs used to harvest carbon for building their own biomass, where to chemoheterotrophs and photoheterotrophs get their energy? | show 🗑
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| Photoautotrophs _____________________________ | show 🗑
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| show | Produce energy from oxidizing inorganic molecules such as iron, sulfur, or nitrogen. This energy is also used to fix CO2 into biomass
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| show | Capture CO2 and convert it to their own biomass
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| What are extremophiles? | show 🗑
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| What is the largest division of bacteria? | show 🗑
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| show | Cyanobacteria
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| show | 1) Euryarchaeota
2) Crenarchaeota
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| show | 1) Methanogens (Anaerobically degrade organic matter, produce methane)
2) Extreme halophiles (require high salt concentrations for metabolism and reproduction)
3) Thermoacidophiles (grow in moderately high temperatures and low pH environments)
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| show | hyperthermophiles
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| Name some examples of archaea | show 🗑
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| show | Protists; Protista
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| show | *Algae(green and brown algae, and diatoms)
*Fungi(yeast, molds)
*Protozoa (flagellates, cilliates)
*Slime molds
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| Some protists, such as algae, are __________ | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | Fungus + Algae
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| show | A method for isolating specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions
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| What is a pathogen? | show 🗑
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| show | A culture containing a single kind of microorganism
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| show | The hypothesis that living organisms can originate from nonliving matter
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| What does sterile mean? | show 🗑
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| What is an autotroph? | show 🗑
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| What is a chemolithotroph? | show 🗑
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| show | An organism that obtains its energy from the oxidation of organic compounds
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| show | Prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs
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| What is an extremophile? | show 🗑
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| What is a heterotroph? | show 🗑
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| show | An organism that obtains energy from light
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| What is phylogeny? | show 🗑
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| Proteobacteria | show 🗑
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| What are protists? | show 🗑
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| show | It is the critical barrier for the cell to exist by allowing th einside of the cell to be different from the outside of the cell
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| show | Rigid structure outside of the membrane that provides support for the membrane and protection for the cell
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| show | Macromolecullar complexes composed of RNA and protein and the site of protein synthesis in all organisms
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| What is the nucleoid? | show 🗑
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| show | Flagella; protein-flagellin
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| What are inclusions and what are some examples? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Coccus (spherical
2) Bacilli (rod)
3) Spirillum (spiral shape)
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| T or F: Morphology typically predicts physiology, ecology, phylogeny of a prokaryotic cell | show 🗑
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| What is the cell size range for prokaryotes and eukaryotes? | show 🗑
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| show | *Nutrients and waste products pass more readily into and out of small cell than a large cell
*Faster cellular metabolism and growth
*small cells develop larger populations (dependent on rsources)
*More adaptive flexibility to changing envir. conditions
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| show | *Support greater nutrient exchange per unit cell volume
*tend to grow faster than larger cells
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| show | True
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| show | True
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| What are the three major functions of the cytoplasmic membrane? | show 🗑
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| Describe the permeability barrier function of the cytoplasmic membrane | show 🗑
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| Describe the protein anchor function of the cytoplasmic membrane | show 🗑
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| show | Site of generation and use of the proton motive force
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| What are the two groups of membrane proteins? | show 🗑
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| The cytoplasmic membrane is a __________ of __________ that contains both ___________ and ___________ components | show 🗑
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| show | Phosphatidyethanolamine
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| What are the two types of integral membrane proteins and describe their location? | show 🗑
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| show | Attached either to the lipid bilayer or to integral proteins
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| show | Selectively permeable
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| What are the two types of movements across a membrane and describe them. | show 🗑
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| show | *Simple transporters
*Group translocation
*ABC transporters
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| show | *Uniporter
*Antiporter
*Symporter
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| Cytoplasmic membranes are stabilized by _______ bonds and hydro______ intereactions. ______ and ______ help stabilized membrane by forming ionic bonds with _____________ charges on the phospholipids | show 🗑
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| show | only a spanning-transport protein
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| How do uniporters work? | show 🗑
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| show | They transports one molecule in membrane and one out membrane
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| show | They transport one molecule along with another substance (typically a protein)
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| How does group translocation work? | show 🗑
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| What is an example of group translocation? | show 🗑
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| Describe ABC transporters (ATP-Binding cassette) | show 🗑
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| show | Part of gram negative cell wall between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
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| show | Proportional
(low = low)
(high = high)
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| T or F: At some point, all of the transport proteins are busy transporting molecules and adding more to the growth medium will not affect the rate of entry in the cell | show 🗑
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| Carrier mediated transport allows ____________ | show 🗑
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| show | -Sec translocase system
-Type III secretion system
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| Describe the sec translocase system | show 🗑
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| show | Common in pathogenic bacteria, secreted protein (toxin) is translocated directly into the host
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| show | Peptidoglycan
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| What are the functions of bacterial cell walls? | show 🗑
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| show | Thin; Thick
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| Describe the gram stain for gram + bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | A protein that cleaves the beta-1,4-glycosidic bonds between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in peptidoglycan, thereby weakening the cell wall
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| What are protoplasts? | show 🗑
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| What are spheroplasts? | show 🗑
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| What are the two prokaryotes without cell walls? | show 🗑
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| show | Archaea
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| The amino acids in the peptidoglycan are: | show 🗑
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| In G+, each glycan unit contributes a _______ and the two _________ are connected by a short _______________ | show 🗑
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| Interbridges in G + are usually short peptides but in G-, Interbridges are __________________ | show 🗑
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| show | Teichoic acids
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| Teichoic acids are only found in G+ bacteria and are partially responsible for ________________ | show 🗑
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| show | True
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| show | Teichoic acids; Lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)
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| show | An outer membrane
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| What is the outer membrane of G- bacteria constructed with? | show 🗑
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| show | second lipid bilayer
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| Outer membrane is also called __________________________, consisting of: | show 🗑
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| Polysaccharide chains are anchored in the hydrophobic lipid bilayer in the outer membrane by ________ | show 🗑
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| The LPS is also known as _________, responsible for illnesses associated with G- bacteria such as salmonella | show 🗑
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| The phospholipid bilayer is similar to the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane but ____________ | show 🗑
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| show | Relatively permeable
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| show | The outer membrane is much more permeable than the cytoplasmic membrane
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| show | Connects the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer. The protein end connects to the peptidoglycan layer and the lipid layer connects to the outer membrane
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| show | Outer membrane ; cytoplasmic membrane;
1) Binding proteins
2) Chemoreceptors (chemotaxis)
3) Hydrolytic enzymes for the initial degredation of food molecules
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| What is chemotaxis? | show 🗑
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| T or F: Cell walls of archaea do not contain peptidoglycan | show 🗑
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| T or F: Archaea have outer membranes | show 🗑
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| Some members of archaea have cell walls composed of __________ | show 🗑
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| Describe pseudomurein | show 🗑
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| T or F: Lysozymes can break beta 1,3 linkages and beta-1,4 linkages | show 🗑
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| The most common cell wall type of Archaea is the _________ | show 🗑
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| Describe the S-layer | show 🗑
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| What is the purpose of fimriae in prokaryotes and how do they compare to flagella? | show 🗑
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| Fimbriae can be extended and retracted rapidly and produce ___________ | show 🗑
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| show | Also function in attachment to substrate but are longer and less in number
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| What are the two important functions of pili? | show 🗑
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| The _______ is involved in bacterial mating (conjugation) | show 🗑
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| show | Slime layer; Capsule
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| Why are capsules "hard"? | show 🗑
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| Capsules adhere __________ to cell wall and Slimes layers are ________ | show 🗑
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| show | -Assistants in attachment to solid surface
-Can develop into biofilm (a solid surface of cells)
-Provide significant physical protection, resisting desiccation (dehydration)
-Can mediate specific binding to host tissue to protect against phagocytosis
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| What are the 4 main types of inclusions in prokaryotes? | show 🗑
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| show | Accumulations of inorganic phosphate
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| What are some functions of inclusions? | show 🗑
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| What is the most common lipid storage material? | show 🗑
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| Granules of elemental sulfur are produced by: | show 🗑
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| Instead of disposing of sulfur, the bacteria ____ | show 🗑
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| show | Impart a magnetic dipole on a cell, allowing the cell to respond to a magnetic field
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| show | Magnetotaxis
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| show | Swim "downward" toward magnetic north
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| Magnetotactic bacteria usually mineralize ______ | show 🗑
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| What are gas vesicles? | show 🗑
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| show | Membrane enclosed; Protein in the form of repeating protein subunits
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| show | impermeable to water and solutes of the cytoplasm but is permeable to gas.
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| What are endospores? | show 🗑
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| Endospores are known as the ________ stage of bacterial life cycle | show 🗑
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| show | Gram-positive bacteria
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| show | Terminal, subterminal and central
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| show | -Exosporium (outer later, thin protein covering)
-Spore coat (layers of sporulation protein)
-Cortex (peptidoglycan [similar to cell wall])
-Core (cell wall, membrane, DNA, ribosomes, etc)
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| The process where a vegetable cell differentiates into an endospore is known as _________ | show 🗑
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| show | 1) activation - occurs when endospores are heated for several minutes at elevated temperatures
2) germination - Endospore placed in presence of specific nutrients, such as AA's
3) Outgrowth - Cell emerges from broken endospore and begins to grow
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| show | Ca-Dipicolinate, DPA, and small acid soluble proteins (SASPs). DPA and SASPs give endospore resistance to environmental stress. SASPs bind DNA and change it from a beta-form to an alpha-form helix which makes it resist UV damage
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| show | During sporulation
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| show | 1) Bind to DNA in core to protect from UV, dry heat, and desiccation.
2) Function as source of carbon and energy for outgrowth of a new vegetative cell from the endospore during germination
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| What do flagella do? | show 🗑
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| What are flagella composed of? | show 🗑
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| show | Flagella attached to one or both ends of the cell
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| what does Peritrichous flagellation mean? | show 🗑
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| About __________ flagellin = _________ filaments | show 🗑
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| Flagella grow from the _____, not the ______ | show 🗑
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| show | Rigid and rotates
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| show | the Proton Motive Force
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| show | Rotational speed; Proton motive force
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| Chemoreceptors in __________ bind chemicals | show 🗑
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| show | Equivalent of chemotaxis but with light. Some organisms are attracted to particular wavelengths and it is on or off whereass others actually travel along light intensity gradient
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| show | Prokaryotes that dont have flagella (only filamentous or rod shaped bacteria use this motility)
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| show | cells be in contact with solid surface
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| show | secretion of a polysaccharide slime
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| What is the proton motive force (PMF)? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) Optimization for nutrient uptake
2) Swimming motility in viscous environments or near surfaces
-gliding motility (filamentous bacteria)
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| What is lophotrichous flagella? | show 🗑
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| show | Gyrate; Reverse
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| show | slowly in a straight line
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| show | more rapidly and typically spin around
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| show | Rod shaped
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