Renal
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| Where are the kidneys located? | Bilaterally, waist high et retroperitoneal.
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| How many layers are there to the kidneys? | 2 Cortex (outer) et Medulla (inner)
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| What does the cortex consist of? | Glomeruli et most of the tubules. Receives a large blood supply, sensitive to changes in BP
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| What does the medulla consist of? | 8-18 pyramids drain into the calices which join to form the renal pelvis.
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| How long are the Ureters? | 25-30cm
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| What are the sections of the bladder? | Apex-upper portion. Neck-inferior portion, contains internal sphincter. Trigone-bounded by the urethra and two ureters (closes during micturition to prevent reflux)
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| To begin micturition which system is stimulated first, sympathetic or parasympathetic? | Sympathetic stimulates the trigone to close ureters first. Parasympathetic stimulates detrusor muscle to contract and empty the bladder.
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| How long is the urethra? | Females 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 Males 5 1/2 to 6 1/4
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| What is a Nephron? | Functional unit of the kidney 1-1.25mil. Vascular tubular system. Glomerulus which is a mass of blood vessels tucked into -> Bowman's capsule et tubules.
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| What are the 3 processes involved in urine production? | glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular excretion
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| Explain glomerular filtration. | Filtration across a semipermeable membrane. Must have adequate blood volume et hydrostatic pressure.
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| What does glomerular filtrate consist of? | Should: H2O, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Bicarb, PO4 etc plus glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid et amino acids. NO LARGE PROTEINS (WBC, RBC)
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| What is plasma protein found in urine indicative of? | glomerular damage
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| Explain tubular reabsorption. | Reabsorbs what is needed to maintain normal fluid balance. Occurs through diffusion, active transport et osmosis. What I not needed is excreted.
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| What regulates the amount of H2O absorbed? | ADH et aldosterone. ADH=more reabsorption. Aldosterone=reabsorption by increasing NA retention. Reabsorption of H2O reflects kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine as needed
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| Explain tubular secretion | Tubular secretions of K et free acids (H) regulate K levels et acid-base balance in conjunction with buffers in the blood et lungs(pH5-7).
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| How much urine usually collects in the bladder before the urge to micturate is produced? |
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