UTA NURS 3632 Foundations Exam 3
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| ADH | Antidiuretic hormone; synthesized by hypothalamus; secreted by posterior pituitary; regulates the osmolality of the body fluids by influencing how much water is excreted in urine. (al 2013, p. 886)
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| RAAS | Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System; regulates ECF volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excreted in urine. (al 2013, p. 887)
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| Aldosterone | secreted by adrenal cortex; causes resorption of sodium and water; increases urinary excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. (al 2013, p. 887)
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| ANP | Atrial natriuretic peptide; secreted by atria; opposes aldosterone; inhibits ADH by increasing the loss of sodium and water in the urine (al 2013, p. 887)
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| # of kg per 1 L fluid loss/retention | 1 kg
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| Hypokalemia | Low Serum Potassium (K+) Level (< 3.5 mEq/L); s/s: muscle weakness, abdominal distention, decreased bowel sounds, constipation, cardiac dysrhythmias
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| Hyperkalemia | High Serum Potassium (K+) Level (> 5 mEq/L); s/s: muscle weakness, transient abdominal gramps and diarrhea, cardiac dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
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| Hypocalcemia | Low Serum Calcium (Ca2+) Level (< 8.4 mg/dL); s/s: Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's sign, numbness/tingling, hyperactive reflexes, muscle twitching/cramping, tetany, seizures, larngospasm, cardiac dysrhythmias
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| Chvostek's sign | contraction of facial muscles when facial nerve is tapped (al 2013, p. 890)
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| Trousseau's sign | carpal spasm with hypoxia (al 2013, p. 890)
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| Hypercalcemia | High Serum Calcium (Ca2+) Level (>10.5 mg/dL); s/s: anorexia, n/v, constipation, fatigue, diminished reflexes, lethargy, decreased LOC, confusion, personality change, cardiac dysrhythmias, flank pain, pathological fractures
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| Hypernatremia | High Serum Sodium (Na+) Level (> 145 mEq/L); water deficit; hypertonic condition; s/s: cerebral dysfunction
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| Hyponatremia | Low Serum Sodium (Na+) Level (< 135 mEq/L) water excess/water intoxication; hypotonic condition; s/s: cerebral dysfunction
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| Extracellular Fluid Volume Deficit | Body Fluids Have Decreased Volume but Normal Tonicity; sodium & water intake less than ouput, causing isotonic loss
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| Extracellular Fluid Volume Excess | Body Fluids Have Increased Volume but Normal Tonicity; sodium & water intake greater than output, causing isotonic gain
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| Intracellular Fluid (ICF) | Fluids within cells; appx 2/3 total body water
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| Extracellular Fluid (ECF) | Fluids outside of cells; appx 1/3 total body water
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| Interstitial fluid | Fluid that fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body and provides a substantial portion of the liquid environment of the body. (al 2013, p. 1304)
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| Intravascular fluid | Fluid circulating within blood vessels of the body.
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| Transcellular fluid | fluids secreted by epithelial cells (cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial)
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| Hypertonic | Situation in which one solution has a greater concentration of solute than another; therefore the first solution exerts greater osmotic pressure.
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| Hypotonic | Situation in which one solution has a smaller concentration of solute than another; therefore the first solution exerts less osmotic pressure.
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| Isotonic | Situation in which two solutions have the same concentration of solute; therefore both solutions exert the same osmotic pressure.
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| Hypovolemia | Abnormally low circulating blood volume.
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| Metabolic acidosis | Abnormal condition of high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid caused by either a primary increase in hydrogen ions or a decrease in bicarbonate. (al 2013, p. 1305)
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| Metabolic alkalosis | Abnormal condition characterized by the significant loss of acid from the body or increased levels of bicarbonate. (al 2013, p. 1305)
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| Respiratory acidosis | Abnormal condition characterized by increased arterial carbon dioxide concentration, excess carbonic acid, and increased hydrogen ion concentration. (al 2013, p. 1309)
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| Respiratory alkalosis | Abnormal condition characterized by decreased arterial carbon dioxide concentration and hydrogen ion concentration. (al 2013, p. 1309)
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| Normal Osmolality | 280-300 mOsm/kg H2O
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| Normal Sodium | 136-145 mEq/L
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| Normal Potassium | 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
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| Normal Calcium | 8.4-10.5 mg/dL
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| Normal Magnesium | 1.5-2.5 mEq/L
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| Normal Chloride | 98-106 mEq/L
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| Normal Bicarbonate | Arterial 22-26 mEq/L; Venous 24-30 mEq/L
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| Normal Phosphate | 2.7-4.5 mg/dL
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| Normal Fluid Intake & Output | 2500 mL/day
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| Sodium regulation | 90% in ECF; regulates water balance
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| Patassium regulation | 98% in ICF; regulates never impulses & cardiac conduction
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| Calcium regulation | 99% in bone; regulates bone health & blood clotting
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| Magnesium regulation | regulates neurochemical & muscle activities
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| Normal pH | 7.35-7.45 (concentration of hydrogen ion)
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| Normal BUN | 10-25 mg/dL
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| Normal PaO2 | 80-100 mm Hg (partial pressure of oxygen)
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| Normal PaCO2 | 35-45 mm Hg (partial pressure of carbon dioxide)
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| Normal O2 saturation | 95-100% (point at which hemoglobin is saturated by oxygen
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| Potassium-rich foods | Potato & Grapefruit
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| Hypotonic solutions | Dilutes extracellular fluid and rehydrates cells; includes D5W, 1/2NS (0.45% NS), 1/3NS
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| Hypertonic solutions | fluid pulled from interstitial & intracellular spaces into blood stream; includes D10W, 3-5% NaCl, D5 0.9% NaCl, D50.45% NaCl, D5LR
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| Isotonic solutions | fluid volume replacement solutions; includes NS (0.9% NaCl), LR
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| Adult sites for IV insertion | dorsal surface of hand, inner arm
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| Children sites for IV insertion | foot, inner arm
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| IV catheter size for blood/blood products | 16-18 gauge
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| IV catheter size for fluid maintenance (adult) | 22 guage
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| IV catheter size for fluid maintenance (older adult) | 24-26 guage
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| IV catheter size for fluid maintenance (infant) | butterfly needle
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| IV insertion angle | 10-30 degrees
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| Potassium complications | Cardiac dysrhythmias (NEVER give by IV push & monitor output for kidney function)
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| Autologous transfusion | Procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donor's own circulation.
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| Transfusion reaction | Systemic response by the body to the administration of blood incompatible with that of the recipient. (al 2013, p. 1311)
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| Acute Intravascular hemolytic transfusion reaction | Infusion of ABO- incompatible whole blood, RBCs, or components containing 10 mL or more of RBCs (al 2013, p. 913)
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| Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reaction | antibodies against donor or white blood cells
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| Sepis | Bacterial contamination of transfused blood components
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| Tunneled CVC | single, double, or triple lumen; Inserted through SQ tissue between clavicle & nipple, then into a large vein, and threaded into superior vena cava
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| IV Injection Incompatabilities | blood, blood products, or TPN
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| High Alert Meds | Heparin, dopamine, nitroglycerin, potassium
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| Team Nursing | Decentralized system in which the care of a patient is distributed among the members of a team. The charge nurse delegates authority to a team leader, who must be a professional nurse.
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| Total Patient Care | RN responsible for all aspects of care for one or more patients. The RN works directly with the patient, family, physician or health care provider, and health care team members. The model typically has a shift-based focus.
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| Primary Nursing | patient's care is managed for the duration by one nurse who directs and coordinates other nurses and health care personnel. When on duty, the primary nurse cares for the patient directly.
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| Case Management | Organized system for delivering health care to an individual patient or group of patients across an episode of illness and/or a continuum of care; includes plan of care, coordination of services, referral, and follow-up.
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| Critical pathway | Tools used in managed care that incorporate the treatment interventions of caregivers from all disciplines who normally care for a patient. Designed for a specific care type, a pathway is used to manage the care of a patient throughout a projected LOS.
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| Functional Nursing | charge nurse, med nurse, wound care nurse, nurse aide etc.
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| Responsibility | duties and activities an individual is employed to perform
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| Autonomy | independent decisions about patient care
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| Authority | legitimate power to give commands and make final decisions specific to a given position
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| Accountability | answerable for the actions
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| Five Rights of Delegation | Right Task, Right Circumstance, Right Person, Right Direction/Communication, Right Supervision/Evaluation
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| Cognitive | all intellectual behaviors; requires thinking; Teaching methods: discussion, lecture, Q&A, role play, discovery, independent project, field experience
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| Affective | expression of feelings and acceptance of attitudes, opinions or values; Teaching methods: role play, discussion
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| Psychomotor | integration of mental and muscular activity; Teaching methods: demonstration, practice, return demo, independent projects, games
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| Stage I Sleep | very light sleep
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| Stage II Sleep | sound sleep
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| Stage III Sleep | initial stage of deep sleep
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| Stage IV Sleep | very deep sleep
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| Stage V Sleep | REM sleep
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| Sleep Requirements for Neonates (< 3mos) | 16 hrs/day
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| Sleep Requirements for Infants | 8-10 hrs at night plus naps; total 15 hrs/day
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| Sleep Requirements for Toddlers | 12 hrs/day
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| Sleep Requirements for Preschoolers | 12 hrs/day
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| Sleep Requirements for School Age | 9-10 hrs/day
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| Sleep Requirements for Adolescents | get appx 7 ½ hrs/day; need more
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| Sleep Requirements for Young Adults | get 6-8 ½ hrs/day
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| Sleep Requirements for Middle-aged | require abt 7 hrs of sleep
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| Sleep Requirements for Elderly | require abt 6 hrs of sleep (stage IV is decreased or absent)
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| Insomnia | chronic difficulty falling asleep with frequent awakenings at night, and/or a short sleep or nonrestorative sleep
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| Obstructive sleep apnea | lack of airflow through nose/mouth for periods of 10 seconds or longer during sleep
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| Central sleep apnea | airway remains open, but the brain fails to send messages to the diaphragm and chest muscles to initiate respirations
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| Narcolepsy | dysfunction of mechanisms that regulate the sleep & wake states causing excessive sleepiness during the day
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| Cataplexy | sudden muscle weakness during intense emotions such as anger, sadness, or laughter; occurs at any time during the day
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| Sleep paralysis | feeling of being unable to move or talk just before waking or falling asleep
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| Parasomnias | sleep problems that are more common in children than adults; indicative of serious disorder in adults
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| Somnambulism | sleep walking
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| Nocturnal enuresis | bed-wetting
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| Bruxism | teeth grinding
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| Infancy & early childhood sexual developmental stage | gender identity
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| School-aged sexual developmental stage | questions
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| Puberty/adolescence sexual developmental stage | emotional & physical changes
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| Young adulthood sexual developmental stage | emotional maturation
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| Middle adulthood sexual developmental stage | concerns re attractiveness
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| Older adulthood sexual developmental stage | physiological sexual response changes with aging, but aging does not lead to diminished sexuality
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| Spirituality | Spiritual dimension of a person, including the relationship with humanity, nature, and a supreme being.
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| Spiritual well-being | aIndividual's spirituality that enables a person to love, have faith and hope, seek meaning in life, and nurture relationships with others. (al 2013, p. 1310)
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| Faith | Set of beliefs and a way of relating to self, others, and a Supreme Being.
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| Religion | associated with a specific system of practice associated with a denomination, sect, or form of worship
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| Hope | Confident but uncertain expectation of achieving a future goal.
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| Agnostic | Individual who believes that any ultimate reality is unknown or unknowable.
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| Atheist | Individual who does not believe in the existence of God.
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| Self-transcendence | Sense of authentically connecting to one's inner self.
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| Transcendence | The belief that there is a force outside of and greater than the person that exists beyond the material world. (al 2013, p. 1311)
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| Spiritual well-being (SWB) scale | 20 items that assess the individual's view of life and relationship with a higher power (al 2013, p. 696)
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| BELIEF | assessment tool helps nurses evaluate a child's and family's spiritual and religious needs; Belief system, Ethics or values, Lifestyle, Involvement in spiritual community, Education, Future events
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| Urine Specific gravity Normal | 1.0053-1.030
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| Steatorrhea | calcium binds to undigested fat in feces and is excreted, causing hypocalcemia; occurs with pancreatitis
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