PII ECG test 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Apex of the Heart | At diaphragm (bottom of the heart)
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| Base of the Heart | Top of Heart at level of the second-third rib
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| Perietal Pericardium | tough, nonelastic, fibrous connective tissue
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| Visceral Pericardium | thin, serous inner layer of pericardium
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| Pericardial Tamponade | Heart is squeezed by fluid in potential space between perietal and visceral layer
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| Epicardium | Smooth outer surface contiguuous with visceral pericardium
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| Myocardium | thick, middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle cells, responsible for ability to contract
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| Endocardium | innermost layer, composed of connective tissue
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| Atrioventricular Valves | Mitral and Tricupsid
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| Semilunar valves | Aortic and Pulmonary
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| Tricuspid Valve | Valve between the right atria and right ventrical
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| Mitral Valve | Valve between the left atria and left ventrical
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| Chordae Tendonae | Attaches papillary muscle to atrioventricular valves to prevent prolapse of valves
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| PVC's | Premature Ventricular Contractions
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| Cause of PVC | When a atrioventricular valve weakens and the pressure in the ventrical begins to drop before contraction causing the ventrical to contract in response before is should
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| Stenosis | Stiffening of semi-lunar valves. Valve sticks open
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| Ventricular Systole | Contraction of the ventricles, AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open. Ventricles are emptying
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| Ventricular Diastole | Relaxation of the ventricles, AV Valves are open and semilunar valves closed. Ventricles are filling
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| Layers of vein from outside to inside | Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima, lumen
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| Venous system | veins, venule and capillaries
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| Arterial system | arteries, arterioles, capillaries
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| Specialized Pacemaker Cells | Generation and conduction of electrical impulses
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| "All or None" Phenomenon | Stimulus is strong enough for cardiac cells to reach threshold, ALL cells will respond to this stimulus or none will respond
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| Syncytium | "All or None" phenomenon, cardiac muscle cell groups that are connected together and function as a unit
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| Properties of cardiac cells | automaticity, excitability, Conductivity, Contractility
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| Automaticity | Ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously generate own electrical impulses without external stimulation
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| Excitability | Ability of cardiac cells to respond to electrical stimulus is also referred to as irritability
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| Conductivity | ability of cardiac cells to receive an electrical stimulus and then to transmit it to other cells, so they function collectively. (sends through electrical circuit)
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| Contractility or rhythmicity | the ability of cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in resonse to an electrical stimulus
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| Electrolyte | substance or compound whose molecules dissociate into charged components (ions)
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| 3 major cations that affect cardiac function | Potassium (K+), Sodium (NA), Calcium (CA)
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| Potassium (K+) | perfomrs major function in cardiac depolarization and repolarization
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| Sodium (NA) | performs vital part in depolarization of myocardium
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| Calcium (CA) | important function in depolarization and myocardial contraction
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| Location of potassium ion | concentration greater inside cell
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| Location of sodium ion | concentration greater ouside cell
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| Sodium-potassium exchange pump | active transport, potassium / sodium moved in and out of cell through cell membrane
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| Cardiac depolarization | sodium ions rush into cell through fast channel, changing interior charge to + after cell stimulated
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| Cardiac repolarization | sodium ions return to outside of cell, potassium returns to inside of cell
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| Resting Potential/ Recovery | Recovery stage - inside negative, outside positive
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| Action Potential | change in polarity; produces change in cell electrical charge caused by stimulation of myocardial cells
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| Refractory period | A period of time when the cells are attempting to ensure muscle is totally relaxed before another action potential or depolarization can be initiated
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| Absolute refractory period | cardiac cell unable to respond to new electrical stimulus, cannot spontaneously depolarize
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| The most amazing man you have ever met | Micheal Vance
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| Relative Refractory Period | Repolarization is almost complete, cardiac cell can be stimulated to contract prematurely
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| Sinoatrial Node | Dominant Pacemaker of heart
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| Bachman's bundle | Left side Internodal Atrial pathways
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| Pathway of electrical impulse through heart | SA Node, Internodal Atrial Pathways, Bachman's Bundle, AV Junction, AV Node, Bundle of His, Left and Right Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers
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| Atrioventricular Junction | slows impulse
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| Atrioventricular Node | Secondary Pacemaker, slows impulse
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| Bundle of His | moves electrical impulse from AV to Ventrical
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| Bundle Branches | Carries electrical impulse through the ventrical
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| Purkinje fibers | Causes contraction of ventricle
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| Firing rate of SA node | 60 - 100 beats per min
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| Internodal pathways | receive the electrical impulse as it exits the SA Node.
Anterior, posterior, and middle pathways
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| Firing rate of AV Junction | 40-60 beats per min
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| Perkinje fibers | 20 -40 beats per min
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| In ventricular systole, what are the atrialventricular valves doing? | closed
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| During ventricular diastole, what are the atrialventricular valves doing? | open
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| Stroke volume | amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in 1 beat
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| Preload | Amount of blood available to the heart to pump
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| Afterload | the amount of blood the heart has to pump against to empty.
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| Cardiac Cycle | the actual time between ventricular contraction and relaxation
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| Systole | simultaneous contraction of the ventricles
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| Diastole | synonymous with ventricular relaxation -ventricles fill with 70% of blood passively from atria
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| Starling's Law | Rubber Band Theory - the farther you stretch a rubber band the harder it snaps back to the original size
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| Peripheral vascular resistance | amount of opposition to blood flow offered by arterioles
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| Alpha receptors | vasoconstriction
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| Beta receptors | Beta 1 - contractility, conductivity
Beta 2 - brochodialator
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| SNS neurotransmitter | Norepinephrine
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| PNS neurotransmitter | Acetocholine
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| Adrenergic | sympathetic nerve fibers
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| Cholinergic | parasympathetic nerve fibers
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Created by:
ERnurse2b
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