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Cardiac (ECG)
PII ECG test 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Apex of the Heart | At diaphragm (bottom of the heart) |
| Base of the Heart | Top of Heart at level of the second-third rib |
| Perietal Pericardium | tough, nonelastic, fibrous connective tissue |
| Visceral Pericardium | thin, serous inner layer of pericardium |
| Pericardial Tamponade | Heart is squeezed by fluid in potential space between perietal and visceral layer |
| Epicardium | Smooth outer surface contiguuous with visceral pericardium |
| Myocardium | thick, middle layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle cells, responsible for ability to contract |
| Endocardium | innermost layer, composed of connective tissue |
| Atrioventricular Valves | Mitral and Tricupsid |
| Semilunar valves | Aortic and Pulmonary |
| Tricuspid Valve | Valve between the right atria and right ventrical |
| Mitral Valve | Valve between the left atria and left ventrical |
| Chordae Tendonae | Attaches papillary muscle to atrioventricular valves to prevent prolapse of valves |
| PVC's | Premature Ventricular Contractions |
| Cause of PVC | When a atrioventricular valve weakens and the pressure in the ventrical begins to drop before contraction causing the ventrical to contract in response before is should |
| Stenosis | Stiffening of semi-lunar valves. Valve sticks open |
| Ventricular Systole | Contraction of the ventricles, AV valves are closed, semilunar valves are open. Ventricles are emptying |
| Ventricular Diastole | Relaxation of the ventricles, AV Valves are open and semilunar valves closed. Ventricles are filling |
| Layers of vein from outside to inside | Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima, lumen |
| Venous system | veins, venule and capillaries |
| Arterial system | arteries, arterioles, capillaries |
| Specialized Pacemaker Cells | Generation and conduction of electrical impulses |
| "All or None" Phenomenon | Stimulus is strong enough for cardiac cells to reach threshold, ALL cells will respond to this stimulus or none will respond |
| Syncytium | "All or None" phenomenon, cardiac muscle cell groups that are connected together and function as a unit |
| Properties of cardiac cells | automaticity, excitability, Conductivity, Contractility |
| Automaticity | Ability of cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously generate own electrical impulses without external stimulation |
| Excitability | Ability of cardiac cells to respond to electrical stimulus is also referred to as irritability |
| Conductivity | ability of cardiac cells to receive an electrical stimulus and then to transmit it to other cells, so they function collectively. (sends through electrical circuit) |
| Contractility or rhythmicity | the ability of cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in resonse to an electrical stimulus |
| Electrolyte | substance or compound whose molecules dissociate into charged components (ions) |
| 3 major cations that affect cardiac function | Potassium (K+), Sodium (NA), Calcium (CA) |
| Potassium (K+) | perfomrs major function in cardiac depolarization and repolarization |
| Sodium (NA) | performs vital part in depolarization of myocardium |
| Calcium (CA) | important function in depolarization and myocardial contraction |
| Location of potassium ion | concentration greater inside cell |
| Location of sodium ion | concentration greater ouside cell |
| Sodium-potassium exchange pump | active transport, potassium / sodium moved in and out of cell through cell membrane |
| Cardiac depolarization | sodium ions rush into cell through fast channel, changing interior charge to + after cell stimulated |
| Cardiac repolarization | sodium ions return to outside of cell, potassium returns to inside of cell |
| Resting Potential/ Recovery | Recovery stage - inside negative, outside positive |
| Action Potential | change in polarity; produces change in cell electrical charge caused by stimulation of myocardial cells |
| Refractory period | A period of time when the cells are attempting to ensure muscle is totally relaxed before another action potential or depolarization can be initiated |
| Absolute refractory period | cardiac cell unable to respond to new electrical stimulus, cannot spontaneously depolarize |
| The most amazing man you have ever met | Micheal Vance |
| Relative Refractory Period | Repolarization is almost complete, cardiac cell can be stimulated to contract prematurely |
| Sinoatrial Node | Dominant Pacemaker of heart |
| Bachman's bundle | Left side Internodal Atrial pathways |
| Pathway of electrical impulse through heart | SA Node, Internodal Atrial Pathways, Bachman's Bundle, AV Junction, AV Node, Bundle of His, Left and Right Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibers |
| Atrioventricular Junction | slows impulse |
| Atrioventricular Node | Secondary Pacemaker, slows impulse |
| Bundle of His | moves electrical impulse from AV to Ventrical |
| Bundle Branches | Carries electrical impulse through the ventrical |
| Purkinje fibers | Causes contraction of ventricle |
| Firing rate of SA node | 60 - 100 beats per min |
| Internodal pathways | receive the electrical impulse as it exits the SA Node. Anterior, posterior, and middle pathways |
| Firing rate of AV Junction | 40-60 beats per min |
| Perkinje fibers | 20 -40 beats per min |
| In ventricular systole, what are the atrialventricular valves doing? | closed |
| During ventricular diastole, what are the atrialventricular valves doing? | open |
| Stroke volume | amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in 1 beat |
| Preload | Amount of blood available to the heart to pump |
| Afterload | the amount of blood the heart has to pump against to empty. |
| Cardiac Cycle | the actual time between ventricular contraction and relaxation |
| Systole | simultaneous contraction of the ventricles |
| Diastole | synonymous with ventricular relaxation -ventricles fill with 70% of blood passively from atria |
| Starling's Law | Rubber Band Theory - the farther you stretch a rubber band the harder it snaps back to the original size |
| Peripheral vascular resistance | amount of opposition to blood flow offered by arterioles |
| Alpha receptors | vasoconstriction |
| Beta receptors | Beta 1 - contractility, conductivity Beta 2 - brochodialator |
| SNS neurotransmitter | Norepinephrine |
| PNS neurotransmitter | Acetocholine |
| Adrenergic | sympathetic nerve fibers |
| Cholinergic | parasympathetic nerve fibers |
Created by:
ERnurse2b
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