AP Psych Memory
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| Encoding | involves forming a memory code
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| Storage | involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time
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| Retrieval | retrieval involves recovering information from memory stores
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| Attention | involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
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| Levels-of-Processing Theory | proposes that deeper levels of processing results in longer lasting memory codes
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| Elaboration | linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
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| Dual-coding Theory | holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall
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| Self-referent Encoding | involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant
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| Sensory Memory | preserves information in its original sensory form a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second `
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| Short-term Memory | a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds
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| Rehearsal | the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information
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| Chunk | a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit
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| Long-term Memory | is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
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| Flashbulb Memory | unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events
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| Clustering | the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups
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| Conceptual Hierarchy | is a multicellular classification system based on common properties among items
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| Schema | an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with object or event
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| Semantic Network | consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts
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| Parallel Distributed Processing Models (PDP) | assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks
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| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach
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| Source-monitoring Error | occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source
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| Reality Monitoring | refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations)
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| Forgetting Curve | graphs retention and forgetting over time
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| Retention | refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered)
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| Recall | measures of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues
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| Recognition | measures of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options
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| Relearning | measures of retention requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before
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| Decay Theory | proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time
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| Interference Theory | proposes that people forgot information because of competition from other material
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| Retroactive interference | occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information
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| Proactive Interference | occurs when preciously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
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| Encoding Specificity Principle | states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how ell it corresponds to the memory code
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| Transfer-appropraite Processing | occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention
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| Repression | refers to keeping distress thoughts and feeling buried in the unconscious
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| Long-term Potential | a long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway
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| Retrograde Amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia
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| Anterograde amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia
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| Consolidation | a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory
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| Implicit memory | apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering
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| Explicit memory | involves intentional recollection of previous experiences
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| Declarative memory | handles factual information
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| Procedural memory | houses memory for actions, skills, operations, and conditions responses
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| Episodic memory | made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences
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| Semantic Memory | contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned
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| Prospective Memory | involves remembering to perform actions in the future
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| Retrospective Memory | involves remembering events from the past or previous learned information
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