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AP Psych Memory
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Encoding | involves forming a memory code |
| Storage | involves maintaining encoded information in memory over time |
| Retrieval | retrieval involves recovering information from memory stores |
| Attention | involves focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events |
| Levels-of-Processing Theory | proposes that deeper levels of processing results in longer lasting memory codes |
| Elaboration | linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding |
| Dual-coding Theory | holds that memory is enhanced by forming semantic and visual codes, since either can lead to recall |
| Self-referent Encoding | involves deciding how or whether information is personally relevant |
| Sensory Memory | preserves information in its original sensory form a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second ` |
| Short-term Memory | a limited capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 seconds |
| Rehearsal | the process of repetitively verbalizing or thinking about the information |
| Chunk | a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit |
| Long-term Memory | is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time |
| Flashbulb Memory | unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events |
| Clustering | the tendency to remember similar or related items in groups |
| Conceptual Hierarchy | is a multicellular classification system based on common properties among items |
| Schema | an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with object or event |
| Semantic Network | consists of nodes representing concepts, joined together by pathways that link related concepts |
| Parallel Distributed Processing Models (PDP) | assume that cognitive processes depend on patterns of activation in highly interconnected computational networks that resemble neural networks |
| tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon | the temporary inability to remember something you know, accompanied by a feeling that it's just out of reach |
| Source-monitoring Error | occurs when a memory derived from one source is misattributed to another source |
| Reality Monitoring | refers to the process of deciding whether memories are based on external sources (one's perceptions of actual events) or internal sources (one's thoughts and imaginations) |
| Forgetting Curve | graphs retention and forgetting over time |
| Retention | refers to the proportion of material retained (remembered) |
| Recall | measures of retention requires subjects to reproduce information on their own without any cues |
| Recognition | measures of retention requires subjects to select previously learned information from an array of options |
| Relearning | measures of retention requires a subject to memorize information a second time to determine how much time or how many practice trials are saved by having learned it before |
| Decay Theory | proposes that forgetting occurs because memory traces fade with time |
| Interference Theory | proposes that people forgot information because of competition from other material |
| Retroactive interference | occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information |
| Proactive Interference | occurs when preciously learned information interferes with the retention of new information |
| Encoding Specificity Principle | states that the value of a retrieval cue depends on how ell it corresponds to the memory code |
| Transfer-appropraite Processing | occurs when the initial processing of information is similar to the type of processing required by the subsequent measure of retention |
| Repression | refers to keeping distress thoughts and feeling buried in the unconscious |
| Long-term Potential | a long lasting increase in neural excitability at synapses along a specific neural pathway |
| Retrograde Amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occurred prior to the onset of amnesia |
| Anterograde amnesia | involves the loss of memories for events that occur after the onset of amnesia |
| Consolidation | a hypothetical process involving the gradual conversion of information into durable memory codes stored in long-term memory |
| Implicit memory | apparent when retention is exhibited on a task that does not require intentional remembering |
| Explicit memory | involves intentional recollection of previous experiences |
| Declarative memory | handles factual information |
| Procedural memory | houses memory for actions, skills, operations, and conditions responses |
| Episodic memory | made up of chronological, or temporally dated, recollections of personal experiences |
| Semantic Memory | contains general knowledge that is not tied to the time when the information was learned |
| Prospective Memory | involves remembering to perform actions in the future |
| Retrospective Memory | involves remembering events from the past or previous learned information |
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