A&P Chapter 5-6 Test
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| Tissues | Groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure and that perform common functions.
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| Four Common Types of Tissue | Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue
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| Epithelial Tissue | Sheets of cells that line or cover various surfaces and body cavities; Protect underlying cavities (Ex. Skin; Lining of the mouth; Bladder; Lungs; Blood vessels)
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| Characteristics | Smooth – to reduce friction
Glandular – form the glands
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| Glands | Specialized to synthesize and secrete a product
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| Exocrine (exo=outward) Glands | secrete their product into a hollow organ or duct(Ex glands in mouth (saliva); sweat glands)
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| Endocrine (endo= within) Glands | secrete hormone (ex. thyroid gland (growth and metabolism))
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| Squamous (squama=plate-like)cell shape | one or more layers of flattened cells
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| Cuboidal | cube shaped cells
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| Columnar | comprised of tall rectangular cells
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| simple epithelium | (single layer)
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| stratified epithelium | (consists of layers)
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| Strata | Layers
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| Basement Membranes | Supporting non-cellular layer directly beneath the cells the epithelium tissue; Functions as the mortar that anchors the cells to the stronger tissues below it (usually connective tissue)
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| Connective Tissue | Support the softer organs of the body against the forces of gravity; Connects various parts of the body
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| Characteristics of Connective Tissue | Few living cells (unlike epithelial cells); Structure consists of nonliving material called matrix; The matrix is synthesized by connective tissue and released into the space between them; Provided strength
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| Fibrous Connective Tissue | Provides strength, support and flexibility; Consists of several layers of fiber and cells (Ex. Collagen fibers; Elastic fibers; Reticular fibers)
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| Specialized connective tissue includes | Cartilage- transition tissue from which bone develops; Bone- deposits of calcium and phosphate; Blood – cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma (carries oxygen and nutrients); Adipose – specialized for fat storage
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| Muscle Tissue | Consists of cells that are specialized to shorten and contract resulting in movement of some kind; Tightly packed muscle fibers
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| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | connects to tendons which attach to bones
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| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | found only in the heart (involuntary – contracts on own)
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| Smooth Muscle Tissue | surrounds hollow organs and tubes including blood vessels, digestive tract, uterus and bladder
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| Nervous Tissue | Consists primarily of cells that are specialized for generating and transmitting electrical impulses (Ex. Brain; Spinal cord; Nerves from various organs in the body)
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| Organs | Structures composed of two or more organ tissue types joined together that perform a specific function (s) (Ex. Heart; Lungs; Liver; Kidney)
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| Organ Systems | Groups of organs that together serve a broad function that is important to the survival of the whole organism (Ex. digestive system (mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder))
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| Body Cavities | Location of many organ/organ systems
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| Interior cavity | Thoracic -
Plural
pericardial
Abdominal -
pelvic
Posterior -
Cranial
Spinal
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| Serous Tissues | lines and lubricates body cavities
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| Mucous Tissues | – lines airways, digestive tract, and reproductive passages
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| Synovial Tissues | lines cavities between bones and movable joints
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| Cutaneous Tissues | (skin) protection, sensation, support, body temperature
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| Negative feedback control systems | Controlled variable (blood pressure, body temperature, glucose concentration); Sensor (monitors the control variable); Control center (receives input from sensor); Effector (takes necessary action)
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| Organs | The result of two or more types of tissues organizing in such a way as tot accomplish a task that the tissues can not do on their own.
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| Systems | A system is formed by organs that work together to accomplish something more complex than what a single organ can do on it’s own.
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| Integumentary System | Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands
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| Musculoskeletal System | Muscles; Bones; Joints
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| Endocrine System | Thyroid gland; Pituitary gland; Testes; Ovaries; Adrenal glands; Pancreas; Parathyroid glands; Pineal gland; Thymus gland
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| Cardiovascular System | Heart; Blood; Arterties; Veins
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| Lymphatic and Immune System | Spleen; Lymph; Thymus gland
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| Respiratory system | Nose; Pharynx; Larynx; Trachea; Lungs; Bronchial tubes
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| Gastrointestinal System | Mouth; Pharynx; Esophagus; Stomach; Small intestine; Colon; Liver; Gallbladder; Pancreas
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| Urinary System | Kidneys; Ureters; Bladder; Urethra
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| Reproductive System | Ovaries; Uterus; Fallopian Tubes; Vagina; Mammary glands; Testes; Prostate; Urethra
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| Nervous System | Brain; Spinal Cord; Nerves
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| Senses | Eyes; Ears
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| The Skeleton System | The organ system for support, protection , and movement; Consists of three types of connective tissue (Bones (hard element of the skeleton); Ligaments (dense fibrous tissue that binds the bones to each other); Cartilage (fibers of collagen and elastin))
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| Bone Development | Begins in embryo (Chondroblasts (cartilage cells); Ossification (cartilage replaced by bone); Osteoblasts (bone forming cells); Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells))
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| Five Important Functions of the Bones | Support; Movement; Protection; Formation of blood cells; Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus)
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| Properties of Bone | Can be remodeled and repaired; Can change size, shape and strength; Regulated by hormone
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| Skeleton | 206 known bones classified into four types (Long (limbs and fingers); Short (wrist wide as it is long); Flat (cranial, sternum, ribs – thin flattened and curved); Irregular (hips and vertebrae))
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| Periosteum | covers the bone tough and fibrous (Contains blood vessels, transports blood and nutrients into the bone)
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| Epiphysis | each end of the bone
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| Diaphysis | region running through one end to the other
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| Medullary | hollow region inside (storage area for bone marrow.
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| Red bone marrow | (makes red blood cells)
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| Yellow bone marrow | (high fat contact – can assist with red blood cell production in emergency situations)
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| Cartilage | Dense connective tissue; Can withstand flexing, tension and pressure
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| Articulation | two or more bones joined together form a joint or articulation
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| Ligaments | connective tissue allowing joints to move freely
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| Tendons | hold bone to bone
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| Axial Skeleton | Skull; Vertebral column; Ribs; Sternum
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| Appendicular Skeleton | Pectoral girdle; Pelvic girdle; limbs
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