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A&P Chapter 5-6 Test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Tissues | Groups of specialized cells that are similar in structure and that perform common functions. |
| Four Common Types of Tissue | Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, Nervous tissue |
| Epithelial Tissue | Sheets of cells that line or cover various surfaces and body cavities; Protect underlying cavities (Ex. Skin; Lining of the mouth; Bladder; Lungs; Blood vessels) |
| Characteristics | Smooth – to reduce friction Glandular – form the glands |
| Glands | Specialized to synthesize and secrete a product |
| Exocrine (exo=outward) Glands | secrete their product into a hollow organ or duct(Ex glands in mouth (saliva); sweat glands) |
| Endocrine (endo= within) Glands | secrete hormone (ex. thyroid gland (growth and metabolism)) |
| Squamous (squama=plate-like)cell shape | one or more layers of flattened cells |
| Cuboidal | cube shaped cells |
| Columnar | comprised of tall rectangular cells |
| simple epithelium | (single layer) |
| stratified epithelium | (consists of layers) |
| Strata | Layers |
| Basement Membranes | Supporting non-cellular layer directly beneath the cells the epithelium tissue; Functions as the mortar that anchors the cells to the stronger tissues below it (usually connective tissue) |
| Connective Tissue | Support the softer organs of the body against the forces of gravity; Connects various parts of the body |
| Characteristics of Connective Tissue | Few living cells (unlike epithelial cells); Structure consists of nonliving material called matrix; The matrix is synthesized by connective tissue and released into the space between them; Provided strength |
| Fibrous Connective Tissue | Provides strength, support and flexibility; Consists of several layers of fiber and cells (Ex. Collagen fibers; Elastic fibers; Reticular fibers) |
| Specialized connective tissue includes | Cartilage- transition tissue from which bone develops; Bone- deposits of calcium and phosphate; Blood – cells suspended in fluid matrix called plasma (carries oxygen and nutrients); Adipose – specialized for fat storage |
| Muscle Tissue | Consists of cells that are specialized to shorten and contract resulting in movement of some kind; Tightly packed muscle fibers |
| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | connects to tendons which attach to bones |
| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | found only in the heart (involuntary – contracts on own) |
| Smooth Muscle Tissue | surrounds hollow organs and tubes including blood vessels, digestive tract, uterus and bladder |
| Nervous Tissue | Consists primarily of cells that are specialized for generating and transmitting electrical impulses (Ex. Brain; Spinal cord; Nerves from various organs in the body) |
| Organs | Structures composed of two or more organ tissue types joined together that perform a specific function (s) (Ex. Heart; Lungs; Liver; Kidney) |
| Organ Systems | Groups of organs that together serve a broad function that is important to the survival of the whole organism (Ex. digestive system (mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder)) |
| Body Cavities | Location of many organ/organ systems |
| Interior cavity | Thoracic - Plural pericardial Abdominal - pelvic Posterior - Cranial Spinal |
| Serous Tissues | lines and lubricates body cavities |
| Mucous Tissues | – lines airways, digestive tract, and reproductive passages |
| Synovial Tissues | lines cavities between bones and movable joints |
| Cutaneous Tissues | (skin) protection, sensation, support, body temperature |
| Negative feedback control systems | Controlled variable (blood pressure, body temperature, glucose concentration); Sensor (monitors the control variable); Control center (receives input from sensor); Effector (takes necessary action) |
| Organs | The result of two or more types of tissues organizing in such a way as tot accomplish a task that the tissues can not do on their own. |
| Systems | A system is formed by organs that work together to accomplish something more complex than what a single organ can do on it’s own. |
| Integumentary System | Includes skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and sebaceous glands |
| Musculoskeletal System | Muscles; Bones; Joints |
| Endocrine System | Thyroid gland; Pituitary gland; Testes; Ovaries; Adrenal glands; Pancreas; Parathyroid glands; Pineal gland; Thymus gland |
| Cardiovascular System | Heart; Blood; Arterties; Veins |
| Lymphatic and Immune System | Spleen; Lymph; Thymus gland |
| Respiratory system | Nose; Pharynx; Larynx; Trachea; Lungs; Bronchial tubes |
| Gastrointestinal System | Mouth; Pharynx; Esophagus; Stomach; Small intestine; Colon; Liver; Gallbladder; Pancreas |
| Urinary System | Kidneys; Ureters; Bladder; Urethra |
| Reproductive System | Ovaries; Uterus; Fallopian Tubes; Vagina; Mammary glands; Testes; Prostate; Urethra |
| Nervous System | Brain; Spinal Cord; Nerves |
| Senses | Eyes; Ears |
| The Skeleton System | The organ system for support, protection , and movement; Consists of three types of connective tissue (Bones (hard element of the skeleton); Ligaments (dense fibrous tissue that binds the bones to each other); Cartilage (fibers of collagen and elastin)) |
| Bone Development | Begins in embryo (Chondroblasts (cartilage cells); Ossification (cartilage replaced by bone); Osteoblasts (bone forming cells); Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells)) |
| Five Important Functions of the Bones | Support; Movement; Protection; Formation of blood cells; Mineral storage (calcium and phosphorus) |
| Properties of Bone | Can be remodeled and repaired; Can change size, shape and strength; Regulated by hormone |
| Skeleton | 206 known bones classified into four types (Long (limbs and fingers); Short (wrist wide as it is long); Flat (cranial, sternum, ribs – thin flattened and curved); Irregular (hips and vertebrae)) |
| Periosteum | covers the bone tough and fibrous (Contains blood vessels, transports blood and nutrients into the bone) |
| Epiphysis | each end of the bone |
| Diaphysis | region running through one end to the other |
| Medullary | hollow region inside (storage area for bone marrow. |
| Red bone marrow | (makes red blood cells) |
| Yellow bone marrow | (high fat contact – can assist with red blood cell production in emergency situations) |
| Cartilage | Dense connective tissue; Can withstand flexing, tension and pressure |
| Articulation | two or more bones joined together form a joint or articulation |
| Ligaments | connective tissue allowing joints to move freely |
| Tendons | hold bone to bone |
| Axial Skeleton | Skull; Vertebral column; Ribs; Sternum |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Pectoral girdle; Pelvic girdle; limbs |
Created by:
DiscordianDissector