Marr Bio 2
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| Viruses | show 🗑
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| Virus structure include: | show 🗑
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| Retroviruses | show 🗑
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| show | reproduce by inserting their DNA into the DNA of the host cell
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| show | viruses that infect bacteria
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| show | -They are very common in marine waters and can infect everything from plankton to marine mammals
- Lysis (bursting) of viral infected cells release large amounts of organic matter to be utilized by other organisms (DOM)
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| show | -No nucleus
-Single chromosome (normally circular)
- some also with plasmids
-Cell wall, but different in biochemical structure
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| More about Archaea | show 🗑
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| Bacteria: | show 🗑
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| Special Features of Bacteria | show 🗑
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| show | photosynthetic bacteria
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| show | massive calcareous mounds formed by cyanobacteria, have been found that are 3 billion years old
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| Photosynthesis | show 🗑
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| show | derive energy from chemical compounds
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| show | derive energy from organic matter by respiration
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| Diatoms | show 🗑
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| More info on diatoms | show 🗑
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| show | can accumulate in the tissues or organisms that eat diatoms such as shellfish and small fish
-Larger organisms that eat these shellfish or small fish can become ill or die from this accumulated toxin
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| Reproduction in Diatoms: | show 🗑
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| show | diatoms get smaller each time they reproduce
-To restore they must either sexually reproduce or cast off the frustule and secrete a new frustule
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| show | -Mostly marine
-Mostly photosynthetic,some ingest particles
-Each species has unique shape reinforced by plates of cellulose
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| More about Dinoflagellates: | show 🗑
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| show | are important dinoflagellates that live in a symbiotic relationship with corals, sea anemones and other organisms (many of these host organisms have little or no growth without their symbiotic partner)
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| show | “blooms”This is a result of high levels of nutrients in the water
These blooms can be harmful to marine organisms and even people at times
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| Red Tide | show 🗑
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| show | produces very serious toxins that can cause massive fish kills, harm shellfish and impair the nervous systems
- Was discovered near the Outer Banks in North Carolina
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| show | Star-shaped internal skeleton of silica
Two flagella of varying lengths
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| show | Ornate shells of calcium carbonate
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| Foraminiferans (forams) | show 🗑
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| Foraminiferans can also | show 🗑
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| Radiolarians | show 🗑
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| Ciliates | show 🗑
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| show | -Eukaryotic and mostly multicellular
-Heterotrophic
-Most of the 1500 of marine species are microscopic
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| show | detritus
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| show | lichens
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| show | wave-splashed areas of rocky shorelines and other hard substrate
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| show | important primary producers (photosynthetic)
These algae are called by a generic term “seaweeds” or more formal term macroalgae
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| The body of a macroalgae is known as a | show 🗑
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| show | Blades – leaf-like structures
Stipes – stem-like structures
Holdfast – root-like structures
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| show | gas-filled bladders used to keep the blades near the water’s surface where more light is available for photosynthesis
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| Two primary examples of marine algae with pneumatocysts are | show 🗑
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| Like plants, algae exhibit a life history marked by | show 🗑
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| show | A gametophyte stage produces gametes (eggs and sperm) that will fuse to become a zygote.
This zygote then develops into a second stage, the sporophyte, that produces spores.
These spores develop into the gametophyte stage and the cycle begins again
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| show | vegetative growth
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| show | an algae reproduces new individuals that are genetically identical to the parent algae.
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| algin or alginate | show 🗑
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| Another example of an extract is the carrageenan harvested from red algae. Carrageenan is also used as a | show 🗑
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| show | culture microbes in the health care industry. It is also used as a thickener in foods, used as a filler in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics and to protect canned meats
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| show | -Thought to be ancestor of land plants
~ 7000 species;< 1000 are marine
-Found worldwide
-Some coralline (produce calcium carbonate,)
-Chlorophylls A and B as well as carotenoids
-Store excess energy as starch
-Cellulose in cell walls
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| Brown algae (Phaeophyta) | show 🗑
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| show | -Kelps are the largest of Algae (some species up to 100 ft in length
-Amongst the most productive marine habitats
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| Sargassum is a species of brown algae found in the | show 🗑
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| Red Algae (Rhodophyta) | show 🗑
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| Angiosperms: | show 🗑
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| Plants that do live in marine communities must have | show 🗑
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| Seagrasses | show 🗑
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| Seagrasses are known for: | show 🗑
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| Eelgrass | show 🗑
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| Salt marsh Plants | show 🗑
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| Cordgrass Spartina | show 🗑
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| Detritus serves as | show 🗑
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| Spartina plants possess | show 🗑
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| show | -70 species only on tropical and sub-tropical
-Like Spartina, they only tolerate partial salt water submergence
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| show | have a thick network of prop roots that are heavily exposed at low tide
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| Black mangroves | show 🗑
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| Seeds of the red mangrove | show 🗑
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| show | salt glands to help deal with excess salt
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| show | -70 species only on tropical and sub-tropical
-Like Spartina, they only tolerate partial salt water submergence
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| show | have a thick network of prop roots that are heavily exposed at low tide
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